{"it":{"id":"EGY-014","kind":"site","sub":"Egypt and Nubia","name":"Pyramid of Unas","place":"Egypt","lat":29.868,"lon":31.215,"date":"The pyramid of Unas (Egyptian: Nfr swt Wnjs, lit. 'Beautiful are the places of Unas')…","mat":"basalt;earth;granite;limestone","nfacts":40,"tags":["Egypt","Pyramids"],"sum":"Inside the pyramid of Unas at Saqqara, in Egypt, the walls of the burial chamber carry the first known example of the Pyramid Texts, spells meant to help the king on his journey through the afterlife. Egypt's antiquities ministry stresses that the pyramid is significant despite its size (single source).\n\nUnas ruled at the end of the 5th Dynasty. Like other royal tombs of the age, his pyramid was the centre of a complex: a valley temple near the cultivated land, a long causeway, and a temple beside the pyramid. Much of the causeway was taken apart and reused by later kings, and the remains of the valley temple lie near today's site entrance.\n\nThe pyramid sits in the Memphis necropolis, which UNESCO describes as running from Giza through Saqqara to Dahshur and holding the first complex monumental stone buildings in Egyptian history.\n\nWhat is hard to explain is the timing. The texts appear fully formed, as a long set of spells, in one small pyramid, with no earlier royal example on the walls. The usual view is that they draw on older rites, spoken or written on perishable material.\n\nWhere were these spells kept before Unas had them cut into stone?","why":"A modest pyramid that holds the oldest written royal funerary spells known.","src":[379],"nsrc":3,"yt":"How much of later belief grew from these lines?","rel":["EGY-013","SAQ-SER"],"hook":"Unas's pyramid is small, but its burial chamber holds the first known Pyramid Texts."},"S":{"379":["Wikipedia: Pyramid of Unas","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Unas"]},"rec":{"id":"EGY-014","alias":[],"ms":[{"f":"temple and cult pyramid were enclosed by a","a":"height","v":"7","u":"m","o":"The pyramid, mortuary temple and cult pyramid were enclosed by a 7 m tall perimeter wall.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1311"},{"f":"from the north-east to north-west corner is about","a":"length","v":"86","u":"m","o":"The perimeter wall from the north-east to north-west corner is about 86 m long, and stretches 76 m from north to south.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1312"},{"f":"corner is about 86 m long and stretches","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"76","u":"m","o":"The perimeter wall from the north-east to north-west corner is about 86 m long, and stretches 76 m from north to south.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1313"},{"f":"The pyramid had a base length of","a":"length","v":"57.75","u":"m","o":"The pyramid had a base length of 57.75 m converging towards the apex at an angle of approximately 56°, giving it a height of 43 m on completion.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1314"},{"f":"towards the apex at an angle of approximately","a":"angle","v":"56","u":"°","o":"The pyramid had a base length of 57.75 m converging towards the apex at an angle of approximately 56°, giving it a height of 43 m on completion.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1315"},{"f":"of approximately 56 giving it a height of","a":"height","v":"43","u":"m","o":"The pyramid had a base length of 57.75 m converging towards the apex at an angle of approximately 56°, giving it a height of 43 m on completion.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1316"},{"f":"The entry leads into a","a":"length","v":"14.35","u":"m","o":"The entry leads into a 14.35 m long vertically sloping corridor inclined at 22° that leads to a vestibule at its bottom.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1317"},{"f":"35 m long vertically sloping corridor inclined at","a":"angle","v":"22","u":"°","o":"The entry leads into a 14.35 m long vertically sloping corridor inclined at 22° that leads to a vestibule at its bottom.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1318"},{"f":"The vestibule is","a":"length","v":"2.47","u":"m","o":"The vestibule is 2.47 m long and 2.08 m wide.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1319"},{"f":"The vestibule is 2 47 m long and","a":"width","v":"2.08","u":"m","o":"The vestibule is 2.47 m long and 2.08 m wide.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1320"},{"f":"From the vestibule a","a":"length","v":"14.10","u":"m","o":"From the vestibule, a 14.10 m long horizontal passage follows a level path to the antechamber and is guarded by three granite slab portcullises in succession.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1321"},{"f":"passage ends at an antechamber a room measuring","a":"plan dimension (pair)","v":"3.75","u":"m","o":"The passage ends at an antechamber, a room measuring 3.75 m by 3.08 m, located under the centre axis of the pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1322"},{"f":"antechamber a room measuring 3 75 m by","a":"plan dimension (pair)","v":"3.08","u":"m","o":"The passage ends at an antechamber, a room measuring 3.75 m by 3.08 m, located under the centre axis of the pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1323"},{"f":"The serdab measures","a":"width","v":"6.75","u":"m","o":"The serdab measures 6.75 m wide and 2 m deep.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1324"},{"f":"The serdab measures 6 75 m wide and","a":"depth","v":"2","u":"m","o":"The serdab measures 6.75 m wide and 2 m deep.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1325"},{"f":"west lay the burial chamber a room measuring","a":"plan dimension (pair)","v":"7.3","u":"m","o":"To the west lay the burial chamber, a room measuring 7.3 m by 3.08 m, containing the ruler's sarcophagus.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1326"},{"f":"Egyptologist Iorwerth Edwards estimates the walls to be","a":"height","v":"4","u":"m","o":"The Egyptologist Iorwerth Edwards estimates the walls to be 4 m high, and 2.04 m thick.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1327"},{"f":"the walls to be 4 m high and","a":"thickness","v":"2.04","u":"m","o":"The Egyptologist Iorwerth Edwards estimates the walls to be 4 m high, and 2.04 m thick.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1328"},{"f":"The passageway was about","a":"width","v":"2.65","u":"m","o":"The passageway was about 2.65 m wide.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1329"},{"f":"It had a roof constructed from slabs","a":"thickness","v":"0.45","u":"m","o":"It had a roof constructed from slabs 0.45 m thick projecting from each wall toward the centre.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1330"},{"f":"The causeway at between","a":"length","v":"720","u":"m","o":"The causeway, at between 720 m and 750 m long, was among the longest constructed for any pyramid, comparable to the causeway of Khufu's pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1331"},{"f":"The causeway at between 720 m and","a":"length","v":"750","u":"m","o":"The causeway, at between 720 m and 750 m long, was among the longest constructed for any pyramid, comparable to the causeway of Khufu's pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1332"},{"f":"Around","a":"dimension (unspecified)","v":"250","u":"m","o":"Around 250 m worth of Djoser's causeway was used to provide embankments for Unas's causeway and to plug gaps between it and the wadi.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1333"},{"f":"the uppermost bend of the causeway were two","a":"length","v":"45","u":"m","o":"South of the uppermost bend of the causeway were two 45 m long boat pits of white limestone, which might originally have housed wooden boats with curved keels representing the day and night vessels of Ra, the sun god.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1334"},{"f":"The room measures","a":"base length/width","v":"4.2","u":"m","o":"The room measures 4.2 m on each side, making it the smallest such chamber from the Old Kingdom, but has been largely destroyed.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1335"},{"f":"suggest that it had a base length of","a":"length","v":"11.5","u":"m","o":"The preserved elements suggest that it had a base length of 11.5 m, a fifth of that of the main pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1336"},{"f":"The pyramid's covering slabs were inclined at","a":"angle","v":"69","u":"°","o":"The pyramid's covering slabs were inclined at 69°.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1337"},{"f":"slabs of the descending corridor are declined at","a":"angle (unspecified)","v":"30.5","u":"°","o":"The first slabs of the descending corridor are declined at 30.5°.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1338"},{"f":"The pit measures","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"5.15","u":"m","o":"The pit measures 5.15 m north-south and 8.15 m east-west.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1339"},{"f":"The pit measures 5 15 m north-south and","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"8.15","u":"m","o":"The pit measures 5.15 m north-south and 8.15 m east-west.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1340"},{"f":"The burial chamber was cut","a":"depth","v":"2.03","u":"m","o":"The burial chamber was cut 2.03 m deep into the rock, sits 2.12 m beneath the pavement and measures 5 m by 2.5 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1341"},{"f":"2 03 m deep into the rock sits","a":"depth","v":"2.12","u":"m","o":"The burial chamber was cut 2.03 m deep into the rock, sits 2.12 m beneath the pavement and measures 5 m by 2.5 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1342"},{"f":"2 12 m beneath the pavement and measures","a":"plan dimension (pair)","v":"5","u":"m","o":"The burial chamber was cut 2.03 m deep into the rock, sits 2.12 m beneath the pavement and measures 5 m by 2.5 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1343"},{"f":"beneath the pavement and measures 5 m by","a":"plan dimension (pair)","v":"2.5","u":"m","o":"The burial chamber was cut 2.03 m deep into the rock, sits 2.12 m beneath the pavement and measures 5 m by 2.5 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1344"},{"f":"pyramid and inner temple has an identifiable anomaly","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"4","u":"m","o":"The \"great enclosure\" of the main pyramid and inner temple has an identifiable anomaly. 4 m from the cult pyramid's west face the wall abruptly turns to the north before receding for 12 m toward the main pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1345"},{"f":"abruptly turns to the north before receding for","a":"dimension (unspecified)","v":"12","u":"m","o":"The \"great enclosure\" of the main pyramid and inner temple has an identifiable anomaly. 4 m from the cult pyramid's west face the wall abruptly turns to the north before receding for 12 m toward the main pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1346"},{"f":"It stops","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"2.6","u":"m","o":"It stops 2.6 m from the main pyramid and turns once more back onto its original alignment.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1347"},{"f":"This secondary wall was about","a":"thickness","v":"1.04","u":"m","o":"This secondary wall was about 1.04 m thick, and had a double-door 0.8 m thick built close to its start.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1348"},{"f":"1 04 m thick and had a double-door","a":"thickness","v":"0.8","u":"m","o":"This secondary wall was about 1.04 m thick, and had a double-door 0.8 m thick built close to its start.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1382366241 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1349"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"Unas pyramid casing block above entrance passage (size)","v":"approx 25 x 5","u":"ft","o":"","unc":"approximate","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"not stated","m":"not stated [Dunn 2010 p.116; quote W21LQ015]","c":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","pg":"Dunn 2010 p.116","url":"file:books/upload5.pdf","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn 2010); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W21LM015; advocate source (Dunn 2010)","id":"M3963"}],"lab":[{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"The mortuary temple was entered on its east side through a large granite doorway, seemingly constructed by Unas's successor, Teti.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"A feature of the inner temple was a single quartzite column that was contained in the antichambre carrée.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Hussein discovered a pair of limestone-lined boat pits at the upper end of the causeway.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Materials colour-coded: light orange = fine white limestone; red = red granite; white = white alabaster; grey = greywacke.|alt=Annotated map of the substructure to Unas's pyramid.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Near the burial chamber's west wall sat Unas's coffin, made from greywacke rather than basalt as was originally presumed.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241"}],"eng":[],"ori":[],"gaps":[],"dat":[],"aa":[],"ac":[],"me":[],"ci":[],"cq":[{"id":"W21LQ015","th":"Unas pyramid casing block above entrance passage (size)","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.116 (pdf 160)","q":"one block above the entrance passage measures approximately 25 feet","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"}],"sd":[],"sub":[],"site":{"age":"The pyramid of Unas (Egyptian: Nfr swt Wnjs, lit. 'Beautiful are the places of Unas') is the funerary monument built for the Egyptian pharaoh Unas, the ninth and final king of the Fifth Dynasty, in the 24th century BC.","dm":"[see dating_excerpt; method not extracted]","lab":"NO: inference only (style/context/king list/textual)","weak":"no direct lab result on the structure in our records; date from stylistic, contextual or textual inference","unesco":"","dens":"CENSUS"},"co":{"lat":"29.86833333","lon":"31.21472222","src":"Wikidata P625 only + curated wave0 value agrees","agree":"agree","b":"V","note":"two independent sources agree; max delta 0.0002 deg (~0.02 km)","osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/98441709"},"src":[{"id":"S0374","t":"no inline ref in article","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Unas&oldid=1382366241"},{"id":"W21LS01","t":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","u":"file:books/upload5.pdf"},{"id":"S0590","t":"Wikipedia: Pyramid of Unas","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Unas"},{"id":"VEGY-014-4","t":"Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities: Pyramid of Unas","u":"https://egymonuments.gov.eg/en/monuments/pyramid-of-unas"},{"id":"VEGY-014-5","t":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur","u":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/86/"},{"id":null,"t":"G. Maspero, Les inscriptions des pyramides de Saqqarah (Paris: Bouillon, 1894), “La pyramide du roi Ounas,” pp. 1–2. Internet Archive (University of Toronto). Translations here are paraphrases.","u":"https://archive.org/details/lesinscriptionsd00maspuoft"},{"id":null,"t":"J. H. Breasted, Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt (New York: Scribner, 1912), Preface, contents, and Lectures III–IV (Unis hymn, pp. 127–129). Internet Archive (University of Toronto).","u":"https://archive.org/details/developmentofrel00breauoft"},{"id":null,"t":"Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt), “Pyramid of Unas,” Discover Egypt’s Monuments.","u":"https://egymonuments.gov.eg/en/monuments/pyramid-of-unas/"},{"id":null,"t":"Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt), “Saqqara,” Discover Egypt’s Monuments.","u":"https://egymonuments.gov.eg/en/archaeological-sites/saqqara/"},{"id":null,"t":"R. W. Howard Vyse & J. S. Perring, Operations Carried On at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, vol. III, Appendix (London: J. Fraser, 1842), p. 51, “Pyramid No. 4 in the Map.” Internet Archive (Google scan).","u":"https://archive.org/details/operationscarri03vysegoog"}],"qs":["Were the Pyramid Texts new under Unas, or older spells written down?","Why did later kings take apart his causeway?","Which spell would you most want to read in full?"],"gal":[{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Unas-Pyramide_%28Sakkara%29_08.jpg/1280px-Unas-Pyramide_%28Sakkara%29_08.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unas-Pyramide_(Sakkara)_08.jpg","title":"Unas-Pyramide (Sakkara) 08.jpg","lic":"CC BY 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0","by":"Olaf Tausch","cap":"Pyramid of Unas in Saqqara, Egypt"},{"src":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Burial_chamber_in_Unas%27_pyramid.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burial_chamber_in_Unas%27_pyramid.jpg","title":"Burial chamber in Unas' pyramid.jpg","lic":"CC BY 2.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","by":"Vincent Brown","cap":"Photograph taken inside Unas' burial chamber displaying the sarcophagus, royal palace facade motif, west gable inscriptions, and starry ceiling."},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pyramid_Texts_in_Unas%E2%80%99_Pyramid_2017.jpg/1280px-Pyramid_Texts_in_Unas%E2%80%99_Pyramid_2017.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramid_Texts_in_Unas%E2%80%99_Pyramid_2017.jpg","title":"Pyramid Texts in Unas’ Pyramid 2017.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 2.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","by":"Aidan McRae Thomson","cap":"The Pyramid of Unas at Saqqara dates back to the end of the 5th Dynasty (24th century BC) and while the Pyramid's external appearance has been reduced to a larg"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sakkara-Unasaufweg.jpg/1280px-Sakkara-Unasaufweg.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sakkara-Unasaufweg.jpg","title":"Sakkara-Unasaufweg.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","by":"Orell Witthuhn","cap":"Towards the pyramid of the Una in Sakkara, Egypt, 5. Dynasty, around 2350 BC. Chr."},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SakkaraPyramidsEgypt_2007feb1-16_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG/1280px-SakkaraPyramidsEgypt_2007feb1-16_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SakkaraPyramidsEgypt_2007feb1-16_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG","title":"SakkaraPyramidsEgypt 2007feb1-16 byDanielCsorfoly.JPG","lic":"Public domain","licurl":"","by":"Daniel Csörföly","cap":"Pictures from Saqqara, Egypt"}],"sum":"\"King Unis is one who eats men and lives on gods.\" That is how the Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, in 1912, translated a line carved more than 4,300 years ago on the walls of a burial chamber at Saqqara. The spell goes on to describe the hunt. One helper binds the gods, one lassoes them, one stabs them. A butcher god \"cuts them up for king Unis\" and cooks a portion in his evening kettles. The great gods are the king's morning meal, the small ones his supper, and the fire under the kettles is fed \"with the legs of their oldest ones.\" It is among the strangest texts to survive from the ancient world, and it was written for the dead king to carry into eternity, in green-painted hieroglyphs a few metres from where his body lay.\n\nThe words belong to the Pyramid Texts, the oldest written royal funerary spells known, and this is where they first appear. The pyramid of Unas stands at Saqqara, part of the Memphis necropolis that UNESCO describes as running from Giza through Saqqara to Dahshur. Its ancient name, Nefer-sut-Unas, means \"Beautiful are the places of Unas.\" It was built in the 24th century BC for Unas, the ninth and last king of the Fifth Dynasty, whom Egypt's antiquities ministry dates to about 2375 to 2345 BC. By the standards of Giza it is small. Its base measured 57.75 metres a side and its faces rose at about 56 degrees to a height of 43 metres; each side of its base is about a quarter the length of the Great Pyramid's. Today it barely looks like a pyramid at all. In the 1830s the surveyor John Perring found it ringed with broken stone, its fine Tura limestone casing removed, a heap so ruined he could not measure its base accurately.\n\nLike other royal tombs of its age, it was the centre of a complex: a valley temple near the cultivated land, a covered causeway between 720 and 750 metres long climbing the desert, and a mortuary temple against the pyramid's east face, entered through a large granite doorway apparently built by Unas's successor Teti. At the upper end of the causeway the archaeologist Hussein found a pair of limestone-lined boat pits. Later kings took much of the causeway apart and reused its stone. Reuse is a quiet form of power: a successor dismantling a predecessor's monument to build his own.\n\nThe burial was found late, and only after a wrong guess. Auguste Mariette dug nearby in 1858 and concluded that Unas lay in a different tomb, the Mastabat el-Faraoun. He was mistaken. Gaston Maspero's team began work in the second week of February 1881 and on 25 February reached the burial chamber. Robbers had been there first. They had avoided the sealed outer entrance and tunnelled a narrow, winding passage between the rock core and the masonry, and on a wall of the first room Maspero found a name written in Arabic in red ink. He wondered, only as a possibility, whether it belonged to the man who opened the Great Pyramid for the caliph al-Ma'mun, which would place the break-in around AD 820.\n\nThe true passage was lined with polished granite from Aswan and blocked by three granite portcullises, each held in a slot above the corridor until the last workers knocked out its supports and let it drop. The robbers did not smash them. They cut holes around the top and squeezed past. Beyond lay rooms covered in vertical columns of hieroglyphs painted green. The burial chamber ended in a niche of alabaster. The sarcophagus, which Maspero described as black basalt and modern study identifies as greywacke, had been fixed to the floor with two dovetails; its lid had been torn off and flung near the door. Of the king there remained only scraps: the right arm, a shin bone, pieces of skull and ribs. Later searches turned up ox bones from the last sacrifice, a paint pot still full of black, and a painter's plumb line, as though the decorators had only just stepped out.\n\nWhat were these texts for? Egypt's antiquities ministry describes them as spells to help the king on his journey through the afterlife, and calls the tomb \"the oldest pyramid burial chamber decorated with texts.\" Breasted read the cannibal hymn as symbol, not menu. The gods are hunted \"like wild cattle\" so that the king can take their powers into himself, and when he eats their hearts, \"he has swallowed the knowledge of every god.\" He called the Pyramid Texts \"the oldest body of literature surviving from the ancient world.\" Read as politics, the hymn is also a royal programme in its starkest form: a king who does not merely join the gods but consumes them, absorbing their authority as he absorbs their strength.\n\nThe mainstream view of the timing is that the spells draw on older rites, spoken aloud or written on perishable material, and that Unas was simply the first to have them cut in stone. It was long supposed, Breasted notes, that pyramids carried no inscriptions at all. Then one modest tomb turned out to be covered from wall to wall.\n\nThat is the turn in the story. The texts do not appear as a first, halting experiment. They arrive in a single small pyramid as a long, fully formed collection of spells, with no earlier royal example on any wall. Breasted himself believed the material was far older than the stone it was carved on; his table of contents lists \"Earliest fragments before 3400 B. C.,\" nearly a thousand years before Unas. Some passages read like politics from before Egypt was united. In one, the White Crown of the south is said to have \"devoured the Great (northern) Crown,\" and Breasted noted that the scholar Kurt Sethe took such lines as evidence of an early date. If they are right, Unas did not invent this theology. He had it copied from older sources that no longer survive, and nobody knows where those were kept or how they were handed down.\n\nThe building raises smaller puzzles of its own. In Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt, Christopher Dunn notes that one casing block above the entrance passage measures approximately 25 feet, a large stone for so modest a monument. Inside, a single quartzite column stood in the square antechamber of the temple. And no ancient commentary survives to tell us what the cannibal hymn meant to the men who painted it, or whether it shocked them.\n\nThe first copy remains here, in a ruined heap that early explorers could barely measure, where the robbers came through a hole in the masonry and left the words untouched.\n\nSo the deepest room at Saqqara is a library built for one reader. Green columns of signs run up its walls above a plundered sarcophagus, close to where Maspero found a painter's plumb line, and the spells, older perhaps than the kingdom itself, wait in the dark for the king to read them."},"img":null,"md":null,"hh":[{"v":"3","u":"portcullises","h":"Granite slabs guarding a 14.10 m passage to the antechamber","s":[119]},{"v":"Basalt","h":"Made of: Basalt, earth, granite, limestone","s":[119]}],"hs":{"119":["Wikipedia: Pyramid of Unas (and sources cited there)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Unas"]},"lh":{"s":"img/h/EGY-014.webp","w":1280,"h":960,"o":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Unas-Pyramide_%28Sakkara%29_08.jpg/1280px-Unas-Pyramide_%28Sakkara%29_08.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail"}}