{"it":{"id":"GIZ-G1","kind":"site","sub":"Egypt and Nubia","name":"Great Pyramid of Khufu (G1)","place":"Egypt","lat":29.979,"lon":31.134,"date":"c. 2600-2560 BCE (4th Dyn.)","mat":"Tura & Giza limestone; Aswan granite","facts":[{"a":"Casing base side N (Petrie 1883, square through casing points with corners on socket diagonals)","v":"230.363","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Casing base side E (Petrie 1883, square through casing points with corners on socket diagonals)","v":"230.320","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Casing base side S (Petrie 1883, square through casing points with corners on socket diagonals)","v":"230.365","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Casing base side W (Petrie 1883, square through casing points with corners on socket diagonals)","v":"230.342","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Casing base mean side (Petrie)","v":"230.348","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Core-masonry mean plane at pavement level, side N (Petrie)","v":"228.658","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Core-masonry mean plane at pavement level, side E (Petrie)","v":"228.585","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Core-masonry mean plane at pavement level, side S (Petrie)","v":"228.643","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Core-masonry mean plane at pavement level, side W (Petrie)","v":"228.663","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Core plane mean (Petrie)","v":"228.638","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Socket-to-socket side N (Petrie)","v":"231.897","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Socket-to-socket side E (Petrie)","v":"231.922","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Socket-to-socket side S (Petrie)","v":"231.747","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Socket-to-socket side W (Petrie)","v":"231.628","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Socket square mean (Petrie)","v":"231.798","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Casing base side N (Cole 1925, excavated casing line on pavement)","v":"230.253","u":"m","r":1},{"a":"Casing base side S (Cole 1925, excavated casing line on pavement)","v":"230.454","u":"m","r":1},{"a":"Casing base side E (Cole 1925, excavated casing line on pavement)","v":"230.391","u":"m","r":1},{"a":"Casing base side W (Cole 1925, excavated casing line on pavement)","v":"230.357","u":"m","r":1},{"a":"Cole diagonals","v":"NE–SW 325.699 m (44°56′45″); NW–SE 325.868 m (314°57′03″)","r":1},{"a":"Cole central axes / general mean","v":"N–S 230.374 m (359°56′00″); E–W 230.354 m (89°57′48″); general mean 230.364 m, mean azimuth −3′06″","r":1},{"a":"Casing base side N (Dash/GDFS 2015; min / best / max at 95%)","v":"230.256 / 230.329 / 230.402 m","r":2},{"a":"Casing base side E (Dash/GDFS 2015; min / best / max at 95%)","v":"230.295 / 230.334 / 230.373 m","r":2},{"a":"Casing base side S (Dash/GDFS 2015; min / best / max at 95%)","v":"230.329 / 230.384 / 230.439 m","r":2},{"a":"Casing base side W (Dash/GDFS 2015; min / best / max at 95%)","v":"230.378 / 230.407 / 230.436 m","r":2},{"a":"Casing base average (Dash 2015)","v":"230.363 m (755.783 ft)","r":2},{"a":"Platform side N (Dash 2015; min / best / max)","v":"231.160 / 231.214 / 231.267 m","r":2},{"a":"Platform side E (Dash 2015; min / best / max)","v":"231.081 / 231.215 / 231.350 m","r":2},{"a":"Platform side S (Dash 2015; min / best / max)","v":"231.105 / 231.174 / 231.244 m","r":2},{"a":"Platform side W (Dash 2015; min / best / max)","v":"231.156 / 231.204 / 231.252 m","r":2},{"a":"Platform average (Dash 2015)","v":"231.202 m","r":2},{"a":"Platform extension beyond casing foot","v":"Dash: 39–47 cm overall; NW corner 41.2 cm N, 41.9 cm W. Cole: about 40 cm (38 W, 42 N, 48 E)","r":3},{"a":"Surviving in-situ casing (Dash 2015)","v":"54 m of in-place casing along a 920 m periphery; 84 baseline points along 155 m","r":2},{"a":"Lehner/Goodman 1984 base per side (as tabulated by Dash 2012)","v":"Mean column: N 230.389, E 230.282, S 230.309, W 230.337 m (min/max in source)","r":4},{"a":"Dorner base per side (as tabulated by Dash 2012)","v":"N 230.328, E 230.369, S 230.372, W 230.372 m; avg 230.360","r":4},{"a":"Face angle, N casing in situ by theodolite (Petrie)","v":"51°46′45″ ± 2′ (weight 7)","r":0},{"a":"Face angle, 18 casing fragments, goniometer","v":"51°53′ ± 1′20″ (weight 0)","r":0},{"a":"Face angle from entrance-passage mouth (N)","v":"51°53′20″ (weight 10)","r":0},{"a":"Face angle from air-channel mouths","v":"N 51°51′30″; S 51°57′30″","r":0},{"a":"Face angle, N weighted mean","v":"51°50′40″ ± 1′5″","r":0},{"a":"Face angle, adopted mean","v":"51°52′ ± 2′","r":0},{"a":"Slope ratio used by Cole","v":"5.5/7 horizontal per vertical (check: 1.173 m horizontal over 1.496 m rise on N casing)","r":1},{"a":"Seked equivalent of 51°52′ (computed here, not from a source)","v":"7/tan(51°52′) ≈ 5.50 palms per cubit","r":5},{"a":"Original height (Petrie)","v":"146.710","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Original height, rounded (ScanPyramids 2023)","v":"'expected to be over 146 m high'","r":6},{"a":"Present height and width (ScanPyramids 2023)","v":"'today … 139 m high and 230 m wide'","r":6},{"a":"Present top platform: centre to core faces (Petrie, mean of all)","v":"N 224.5 ± .7; E 214.1 ± .3; S 215.0 ± .4; W 217.6 ± 1.0 in, at 5407.9 (NE) to 5409.2 (SW) in above base","r":0},{"a":"NE socket floor","v":"-0.724","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"SE socket floor","v":"-1.013","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"SW socket floor","v":"-0.584","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"NW socket floor","v":"-0.833","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"1st course top NE","v":"1.488","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"1st course top SW","v":"1.463","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"1st course top NW","v":"1.473","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"1st course top N","v":"1.496","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"2nd course NE","v":"2.736","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"2nd course SE","v":"2.680","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"2nd course SW","v":"2.824","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"2nd course NW","v":"2.708","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"2nd course N","v":"2.728","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Socket levels, Inglis 1865 (pavement-reduced)","v":"NE −28.6; SE −42.4; SW −23.0; NW −32.8","r":0},{"a":"N casing base: average variation from level plane +58.85","v":"0.02 in","r":0},{"a":"Pavement fall to NE rock","v":"0.17 in over 4,200 in (8″ of arc)","r":0},{"a":"Pavement thickness","v":"17 to 27 in (21 in where Vyse found it)","r":0},{"a":"Cole precise levels (m above MSL Alexandria): pavement top N/W/S/E","v":"N 60.4129, 60.4049, 60.4115; W 60.4129, 60.4154; S 60.4222, 60.4229, 60.4264; E 60.4193, 60.4210","r":1},{"a":"Cole socket floors (m MSL)","v":"NE 59.6958; NW 59.6034; SW 59.8485; SE 59.3700","r":1},{"a":"Cole pavement slope","v":"about 15 mm rise from NW corner to SE corner","r":1},{"a":"19th course (doorway course) height","v":"0.964","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"19th course levels at entrance","v":"668.30 and 705.97 in","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Petrie 1883 casing square","v":"−3′20″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Petrie core","v":"−4′35″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Petrie sockets","v":"−3′20″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Cole 1925","v":"−2′28″","u":"arc (as published)","r":1},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−2′30″ ± 23″","u":"arc (as published)","r":2},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Dash 2015 platform (±)","v":"−2′56″ ± 24″","u":"arc (as published)","r":2},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Nell & Ruggles casing foundation","v":"−0°03.6′","u":"arc (as published)","r":7},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−2.9","u":"arc (as published)","r":8},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Petrie 1883 casing square","v":"−3′57″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Petrie core","v":"−5′26″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Petrie sockets","v":"−5′21″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Cole 1925","v":"−5′30″","u":"arc (as published)","r":1},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−5′10″ ± 1′19″","u":"arc (as published)","r":2},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Dash 2015 platform (±)","v":"−4′53″ ± 43″","u":"arc (as published)","r":2},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Nell & Ruggles casing foundation","v":"−0°03.4′","u":"arc (as published)","r":7},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−3.4","u":"arc (as published)","r":8},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Petrie 1883 casing square","v":"−3′41″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Petrie core","v":"−5′23″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Petrie sockets","v":"+1′15″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Cole 1925","v":"−1′57″","u":"arc (as published)","r":1},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−3′35″ ± 38″","u":"arc (as published)","r":2},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Dash 2015 platform (±)","v":"−2′45″ ± 1′0″","u":"arc (as published)","r":2},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Nell & Ruggles casing foundation","v":"−0°00.5′","u":"arc (as published)","r":7},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−3.7","u":"arc (as published)","r":8},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Petrie 1883 casing square","v":"−3′54″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Petrie core","v":"−5′39″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Petrie sockets","v":"−7′33″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Cole 1925","v":"−2′30″","u":"arc (as published)","r":1},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−4′21″ ± 35″","u":"arc (as published)","r":2},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Dash 2015 platform (±)","v":"−5′28″ ± 43″","u":"arc (as published)","r":2},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Nell & Ruggles casing foundation","v":"−0°03.7′","u":"arc (as published)","r":7},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−4.6","u":"arc (as published)","r":8},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Petrie 1883 casing square","v":"−3′43″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Petrie core","v":"−5′16″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Petrie sockets","v":"−3′45″","u":"arc (as published)","r":0},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Cole 1925","v":"−3′06″","u":"arc (as published)","r":1},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−3′54″ ± 44″ (Dash text, p.10)","u":"arc (as published)","r":2},{"a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−3.6","u":"arc (as published)","r":8},{"a":"Dash 2015 meridian (N–S axis bisecting diagonals)","v":"3′54″ CCW of true north","r":2},{"a":"Dash 2015 base centre","v":"N100,000.023 E499,999.987 (GPMP grid) ± 4.9 cm","r":2},{"a":"Petrie: core skew to base","v":"mean 1′33″","r":0},{"a":"Petrie: estimated original base errors","v":"< 0.6 in and 12″ of angle","r":0},{"a":"Nell & Ruggles brass corner markers","v":"N −0°03.6′; W −0°07.3′","r":7},{"a":"Nell & Ruggles stated accuracy","v":"quoted to 0.1′, 'generally considered accurate to within 1′'","r":7},{"a":"Cole traverse closure","v":"9.6″ in angle; 8 mm N, 0 mm E linear","r":1},{"a":"Cole expected max error per side","v":"N ≤ 6 mm; E ≤ 6 mm; S 1–3 cm (+ slope assumption); W < 3 cm","r":1},{"a":"Cole: casing corners to socket outer edges","v":"NE 85/85 cm; SE 83/85 cm; NW 75/76 cm; SW socket too broken","r":1},{"a":"Original entrance: height of doorway floor above pavement","v":"16.972","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Entrance: horizontal distance inside N casing edge","v":"13.312","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Entrance axis E of pyramid centre","v":"7.290","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Descending passage azimuth, whole length","v":"−3′44″ ± 10″; built part −5′49″ ± 7″","r":9},{"a":"Descending passage altitude (slope)","v":"26°31′23″ ± 5″ (whole); 26°26′42″ ± 20″ (built part)","r":9},{"a":"Descending passage, entrance angle at mouth","v":"26°29′ ± 1′","r":9},{"a":"Descending passage height (perpendicular)","v":"1.200","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Descending passage, end of sloping roof","v":"105.232","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Descending passage, S end of floor","v":"-29.997","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Subterranean horizontal passage width","v":"about 31.6–33.3 in (various points); height about 31–36 in","r":9},{"a":"Subterranean chamber dimensions","v":"14.059","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Subterranean chamber roof level","v":"-26.822","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Subterranean chamber floor","v":"unfinished; at W end rises to only 10 in below roof; E floor about 140 below roof","r":9},{"a":"Subterranean square shaft","v":"sides about 68–82½ in; ledge at 67 deep (1,321 under pavement); smaller inner shaft 53–60 in","r":9},{"a":"Ascending passage mean angle","v":"26°2′30″ (passage); 26°12′50″ (passage + gallery combined)","r":9},{"a":"Ascending passage sloping length","v":"39.289","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Ascending passage horizontal / vertical","v":"35.293","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Ascending passage azimuth","v":"−4′ ± 3′","r":9},{"a":"Granite plugs","v":"0.970","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Girdle-stone interval in ascending passage","v":"5.240","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Passage to Queen's Chamber: length doorway to chamber N wall","v":"38.707","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"QC passage floor levels","v":"21.656","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Queen's Chamber size","v":"5.229","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"QC floor length (separate measures)","v":"5.779","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"QC ridge level above pavement","v":"27.435","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"QC ridge position","v":"0.3 ± .8 in N of pyramid centre","r":9},{"a":"QC course thicknesses (base up)","v":"34.13, 33.31, 31.69, 28.00, 28.94, 28.40 in","r":9},{"a":"QC gable roof slabs","v":"sloping lengths 118.59–120.00 in; angles 30°10′–30°48′; slabs extend 121.6 in behind wall face","r":9},{"a":"QC niche","v":"1.575","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"QC shafts","v":"N 8.6 in high, ~8 wide, horizontal 76 in then rises at 37°28′; S 8.8 high, horizontal 80.0 then rises at 38°28′","r":9},{"a":"Grand Gallery mean altitude","v":"26°16′40″; azimuth +1′20″ (mean axis)","r":9},{"a":"Grand Gallery floor length","v":"47.843","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Grand Gallery roof length","v":"46.700","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Grand Gallery top width","v":"1.039","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Grand Gallery corbel laps","v":"0.522","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Grand Gallery height","v":"varies 167 to 172 in (vertical) per Smyth lap data cited by Petrie","r":9},{"a":"Grand Gallery ramp holes","v":"long holes 23.32 in (av. var. .73); short holes 20.51 in (av. var. .40)","r":9},{"a":"Gallery roof slabs","v":"angles 28°0′–28°30′, mean 28°11′; ratchet cuts 1.0 and 1.9–2.0 in deep","r":9},{"a":"Great Step","v":"43.007","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Gallery S wall: floor intersection","v":"42.901","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Well shaft mouth","v":"from 21.8 to 49.0 in horizontally from gallery N wall","r":9},{"a":"Antechamber","v":"2.954","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Antechamber granite leaf","v":"two stones, thickness 15.16 to 16.20 in; E–W breadth 40.6–41.2 in","r":9},{"a":"King's Chamber original lengths (corrected for joint openings)","v":"10.475","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"King's Chamber height to ceiling","v":"ceiling 1921.6–1923.7 in above pavement; actual floor 1691.4–1693.7 in","r":9},{"a":"King's Chamber wall course thickness","v":"1.195","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"King's Chamber position","v":"N wall 330.6 ± .8 S of centre; S wall 537.0; E wall 305.1 ± 3.0 E; W wall 107.7 ± 3.0 W","r":9},{"a":"King's Chamber roof","v":"9 granite beams; individual widths 44.8–62.7 in (N side)","r":9},{"a":"King's Chamber granite ceiling mass (Petrie estimate)","v":"'weighing some 400 tons'","r":9},{"a":"King's Chamber floor irregularity","v":"depth below 1st course joint varies 2.29 in (42.94 to 40.65)","r":9},{"a":"KC N shaft angles","v":"32°4′45″ (84–180), 31°37′15″ (180–300), 30°43′15″ (300–372); mean 31°33′; width 8.9–9.2 (mean 9.0); height 8.72/8.74 in","r":9},{"a":"KC S shaft angles","v":"45°25′6″ … 44°26′18″ by 120-in segments; mean 45°13′40″; width at top 8.35/8.65; height 8.7–8.9 in","r":9},{"a":"KC shafts: outer course","v":"N channel must exit in 103rd course, S in 104th (Petrie's reconstruction)","r":0},{"a":"Coffer (mean planes)","v":"2.276","u":"m","r":9},{"a":"Coffer volumes","v":"contents 72,030; bulk 70,500; overall 142,530 cu in (mean planes); caliper basis 71,960 / 70,630 / 142,590","r":9},{"a":"Relieving chambers (rough masonry)","v":"1st: N 460.8, S 464.6, E 205.8, W 205.9; 2nd: S 471.8, E 204.65; 3rd: N 479?, S 472; 4th: N 481, S 467, E 196, W 198; top: N 462–470, S 468.4, W 247 in","r":9},{"a":"Relieving chamber 4: end-wall sinkage","v":"as much as 3 in","r":9},{"a":"Davison's passage mouth (gallery top)","v":"26.3 wide top / 26.2 base; 29.4 high; passage 28½ wide × 32 high × over 20 ft","r":9},{"a":"QC south shaft: Djedi robot working space","v":"'climbing 70m within a confined space of 20cm by 20cm' (project description)","r":10},{"a":"Casing thickness at top (avg)","v":"1.803","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Remaining N casing stones","v":"1.575","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Casing thickness at corners","v":"0.856","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Core face hollowing (N face)","v":"0.940","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Casing joint widths","v":"0.001","u":"m","r":0},{"a":"Casing joint area / stone mass (Petrie estimate)","v":"joint about 35 sq ft; stone 'some 16 tons'","r":0},{"a":"Casing top-edge to pavement on S side (Cole)","v":"1.511","u":"m","r":1},{"a":"Casing material and source","v":"Tura (Tura–Masara) fine limestone; Klemm & Klemm geochemistry: casing/backing match Tura–Maasara, with some samples possibly upper Mokattam","r":11},{"a":"Casing referred to as 'hard, white casing stones … hauled over from quarries at Tura'","v":"as quoted","r":2},{"a":"Granite plug-blocks","v":"red granite, cut from boulder stones; rounded outer surfaces left at corners","r":9},{"a":"King's Chamber walls, roof beams, coffer","v":"granite; roof beams rough-dressed, not polished; coffer 'red granite'","r":9},{"a":"Relieving chambers","v":"granite floor beams; supporting blocks granite (lower) and limestone (upper)","r":9},{"a":"Sloping blocks over entrance","v":"'remarkably soft fine-grained limestone'; weathers brown within about 20 years","r":0},{"a":"Basalt pavement (E side)","v":"sawn basalt blocks on bed of fine limestone; > 1/3 acre; about 1/4 remains in situ","r":0},{"a":"Casing joints","v":"cemented throughout","r":0},{"a":"Mortar","v":"gypsum or limestone roasted; ashes and charcoal fragments 1–2 mm in the mortar; mortar dissolved in dilute HCl for sampling","r":12},{"a":"Core limestone: local Giza (Mokattam Formation members)","v":"Harrell: building stones normally from nearby quarries; quarry beside Khafre pyramid cited as example","r":13},{"a":"Granite source: Aswan","v":"Aswan granite for King's Chamber","r":13},{"a":"Number of blocks","v":"'several million pieces of limestone, each about 1–2 m high'","r":6},{"a":"Casing stone mass","v":"'some 16 tons' (estimate)","r":0},{"a":"KC granite ceiling","v":"'some 400 tons' (estimate)","r":9},{"a":"Pyramid stone density used in muon simulations","v":"2.2 g/cm³ best fit (tested 1.8–2.6)","r":6},{"a":"Big Void (SP-BV): Length","v":"minimum 30 m","r":14},{"a":"Big Void: Cross-section","v":"'similar to that of the Grand Gallery'","r":14},{"a":"Big Void: Position","v":"'situated above the Grand Gallery'; horizontal and inclined hypotheses both shown","r":15},{"a":"North Face Corridor (NFC): W × H × L (Nagoya emulsion)","v":"2.02 ± 0.06 m × 2.18 ± 0.17 m × 9.06 ± 0.07 m","r":6},{"a":"NFC: Length (CEA)","v":"9.23 ± 0.48 m","r":6},{"a":"NFC: Height / width (CEA)","v":"H 1.85 ± 0.12 m; W 1.87 ± 0.11 m","r":6},{"a":"NFC: Slope","v":"Nagoya MC: −0.3 ± 1.5°; CEA: −1.9 (+7.2/−4.7)°","r":6},{"a":"NFC: N end offset behind Chevron face","v":"X = 0.84 ± 0.05 m","r":6},{"a":"NFC: Bottom plane","v":"Z = 0.72 ± 0.13 m above Chevron origin (≈ 20 m above ground level)","r":6},{"a":"NFC: CEA N-extremity altitude","v":"Z = 1.34 ± 0.53 m","r":6},{"a":"NFC: E–W offset","v":"Nagoya Y = 0.03 ± 0.04 m; CEA Y = −0.07 ± 0.11 m (−7 ± 4 cm relative to DC)","r":6},{"a":"NFC: Summary","v":"N end 0.8 m behind Chevron, ends 9.1 m southward; cross-section about 2.0 × 2.0 m","r":6},{"a":"NFC: Southward limit","v":"no continuation > 1.0 × 1.0 m","r":6},{"a":"NFC: Significance","v":"muon excess well over 10σ","r":6},{"a":"NFC: Prior announcement","v":"'at least 5 m' length (2016)","r":6},{"a":"Internal passages layout (context): ","v":"corridors N–S about 7 m E of pyramid centre","r":6},{"a":"Descending corridor cross-section (context): ","v":"~1 m × 1 m","r":6},{"a":"Height (as stated, 'present'/'original' not specified)","v":"139","u":"m","r":16},{"a":"Width (as stated)","v":"230","u":"m","r":16},{"a":"Height × length × width","v":"8.6 × 46.7 × 2.1 to 1.0","u":"m","r":16},{"a":"Big Void: length (emulsion triangulation)","v":"more than 30 m","r":16},{"a":"Big Void: distance from emulsion detector positions","v":"between 40 m and 50 m","r":16},{"a":"Big Void: height of located region","v":"'21 m above the ground level' (verbatim; reference level ambiguous)","r":16},{"a":"Big Void: length of main part (KEK hodoscopes)","v":"approximately 30 m","r":16},{"a":"Big Void: significance, emulsion NE1 / NE2","v":"13.7σ / 12.7σ (statistical)","r":16},{"a":"Big Void: significance, hodoscopes H1 / H2","v":"slices >10σ (outer slice >5σ / >7σ)","r":16},{"a":"Big Void: significance, gas detectors combined","v":"5.8σ (308.4 ± 52.8)","r":16},{"a":"Grand Gallery: significance, gas detectors combined","v":"8.4σ (304.8 ± 36.2)","r":16},{"a":"Rock thickness from QC emulsion positions","v":"min 65 m, max 115 m","r":16},{"a":"3D model precision","v":"~30 cm internal structures; ~1 m external casing","r":16},{"a":"Simulation density assumptions (not measurements)","v":"limestone 2.2 g/cm³; granite 2.75 g/cm³ (Nagoya) / 2.6 g/cm³ (RTMS)","r":16},{"a":"Queen's Chamber temperature","v":"25 °C","r":16},{"a":"QC shafts cross-section","v":"approximately 210 mm square","r":17},{"a":"QC shafts length","v":"approximately 64 m each","r":17},{"a":"QC south shaft horizontal entrance","v":"~210 mm square, ~2 m long, then 40° incline","r":17},{"a":"QC south shaft lateral displacement","v":"at approximately 30 m","r":17},{"a":"QC south shaft floor step","v":"40 mm, at ~59 m","r":17},{"a":"First blocking stone position","v":"63.6 ± 0.4 m from shaft entrance","r":17},{"a":"First blocking stone thickness","v":"approximately 60 mm","r":17},{"a":"Space behind first blocking stone","v":"approximately 200 mm depth","r":17},{"a":"Blocking stone vs U-block width","v":"blocking stone ~3 mm wider; slid ~260 mm down into U-block","r":17},{"a":"Copper pin broken ends","v":"around 12 mm long","r":17},{"a":"Pin loop aperture","v":"~3 mm diameter object","r":17},{"a":"QC north shaft (Upuaut-2)","v":"19 m to a 45° turn west","r":17},{"a":"Latitude assumed by Nell & Ruggles for declination calc","v":"29.975","u":"deg","r":18},{"a":"Angle of casing (Vyse/Perring)","v":"51°50′","r":19},{"a":"Entrance passage angle (Vyse/Perring)","v":"26°41′","r":19},{"a":"Ascending passage angle (Vyse/Perring)","v":"26°18′","r":19},{"a":"Base and height figures","v":"764/746 ft; 450 9/611/568 (column-misaligned)","u":"ft in","r":19}],"nfacts":380,"tags":["Egypt","Pyramids"],"nsrc":34,"sum":"Measure the four sides of Khufu's pyramid and they disagree by just 4.6 cm (1.8 inches). Flinders Petrie surveyed the casing base in 1880–82 (published 1883) and got 230.320 m on the shortest side and 230.365 m on the longest. Over a run longer than two football pitches, that is about the width of a hand.\n\nThe Great Pyramid was built for the pharaoh Khufu around 2600 BCE (finished by about 2560 BCE, Wikipedia), in Egypt's Fourth Dynasty, from local Giza limestone, fine white Tura limestone for the outer casing and Aswan granite for the inner chambers. The casing is mostly gone now, so surveyors work from the sockets and surviving casing stones at its foot. Petrie's numbers were later checked by J. H. Cole in 1925, who excavated the casing line on the pavement.\n\nWhat is established: the base is nearly square and its sides are turned only about 2 to 5½ arcminutes (under a tenth of a degree) from true north, per J. H. Cole's 1925 survey. What is still debated: exactly how the builders found north that precisely, and how they kept a base this size level and square.","why":"Precision is the puzzle, not the age. A Bronze Age crew without iron tools or compasses got closer to true north than many modern buildings.","yt":"Several methods could find north this precisely. Which one fits the stones best, and what would it tell us about how the builders watched the sky?","rel":["GIZ-G2","GIZ-G3","KHA-VT","SAQ-SER"],"hook":"Four sides of Khufu's pyramid, each about 230 m long, differ by just 4.6 cm"},"S":{"0":["Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html"],"1":["Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html"],"2":["Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf"],"3":["Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf ; https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html"],"4":["Dash, G. 2012. New Angles on the Great Pyramid. AERAGRAM 13(2)","http://dashfoundation.org/downloads/archaeology/as-published/AG13-2_New_Angles-lo-res.pdf"],"5":["","—"],"6":["Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0"],"7":["Nell, E. & Ruggles, C. 2014. The orientations of the Giza pyramids and associated structures. JHA (arXiv:1302.5622)","https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5622"],"8":["Dash, G. 2017. Occam's Egyptian Razor: the equinox and the alignment of the pyramids. JAEA 2","https://web.ujaen.es/investiga/egiptologia/journalarchitecture/downloads/JAEA2/JAEA2_Dash.pdf"],"9":["Petrie 1883, Ch.7","http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html"],"10":["Univ. of Leeds, Djedi project page","https://robotics.leeds.ac.uk/case-studies/djedi-robot-archaeological-expedition/"],"11":["Klemm, R. & Klemm, D.D. 2010. The Stones of the Pyramids","https://gizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu/documents/klemm-klemm_stones_gizeh.pdf"],"12":["Bonani, G. et al. 2001. Radiocarbon dates of Old and Middle Kingdom monuments in Egypt. Radiocarbon 43(3)","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558"],"13":["Harrell, J.A. (UEE) building stones","https://escholarship.org/content/qt3fd124g0/qt3fd124g0.pdf"],"14":["Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid... Nature 552:386-390","https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24647"],"15":["Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid... Nature 552:386-390","https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24647 ; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0"],"16":["Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576"],"17":["Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf"],"18":["Nell, E. & Ruggles, C. 2014 (arXiv:1302.5622)","https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5622"],"19":["Vyse, H. 1840. Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, vol. 2 (incl. Appendix with Perring's dimensions). London: Fraser","https://archive.org/details/operationscarri00vysegoog"]},"rec":{"id":"GIZ-G1","alias":[],"ms":[{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side N (Petrie 1883, square through casing points with corners on socket diagonals)","v":"230.363","u":"m","o":"9069.4 in; azimuth −3′20″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie 1883 §21 p.39","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0001"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side E (Petrie 1883, square through casing points with corners on socket diagonals)","v":"230.320","u":"m","o":"9067.7 in; azimuth −3′57″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie 1883 §21 p.39","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0002"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side S (Petrie 1883, square through casing points with corners on socket diagonals)","v":"230.365","u":"m","o":"9069.5 in; azimuth −3′41″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie 1883 §21 p.39","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0003"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side W (Petrie 1883, square through casing points with corners on socket diagonals)","v":"230.342","u":"m","o":"9068.6 in; azimuth −3′54″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie 1883 §21 p.39","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0004"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base mean side (Petrie)","v":"230.348","u":"m","o":"9068.8 in; mean diff .65; mean azimuth −3′43″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §21 p.39","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","bb":"Petrie 230.348 m vs Cole 1925 230.364 m and Dorner 230.360 m (giza-serapeum library rows): agree within 1.6 cm; Petrie Ch.6 re-read 2026-10-29 (9068.8 in, face angle 51°52′ ±2′) matches library","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0005"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Core-masonry mean plane at pavement level, side N (Petrie)","v":"228.658","u":"m","o":"9002.3 in; azimuth −4′35″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0006"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Core-masonry mean plane at pavement level, side E (Petrie)","v":"228.585","u":"m","o":"8999.4 in; azimuth −5′26″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0007"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Core-masonry mean plane at pavement level, side S (Petrie)","v":"228.643","u":"m","o":"9001.7 in; azimuth −5′23″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0008"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Core-masonry mean plane at pavement level, side W (Petrie)","v":"228.663","u":"m","o":"9002.5 in; azimuth −5′39″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0009"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Core plane mean (Petrie)","v":"228.638","u":"m","o":"9001.5 in, mean diff 1.0; azimuth −5′16″, mean diff 20″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0010"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Socket-to-socket side N (Petrie)","v":"231.897","u":"m","o":"9129.8 in; azimuth −3′20″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0011"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Socket-to-socket side E (Petrie)","v":"231.922","u":"m","o":"9130.8 in; azimuth −5′21″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0012"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Socket-to-socket side S (Petrie)","v":"231.747","u":"m","o":"9123.9 in; azimuth +1′15″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0013"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Socket-to-socket side W (Petrie)","v":"231.628","u":"m","o":"9119.2 in; azimuth −7′33″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0014"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Socket square mean (Petrie)","v":"231.798","u":"m","o":"9125.9 in, mean diff 4.4; azimuth −3′45″, mean diff 2′42″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §20 p.38","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0015"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side N (Cole 1925, excavated casing line on pavement)","v":"230.253","u":"m","o":"230.253 m; true azimuth 89°57′32″","unc":"","by":"Cole 1925","yr":"1925","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","pg":"Cole 1925 (Survey of Egypt Paper 39), 'Measurement of the base' table","url":"https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0016"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side S (Cole 1925, excavated casing line on pavement)","v":"230.454","u":"m","o":"230.454 m; true azimuth 89°58′03″","unc":"","by":"Cole 1925","yr":"1925","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","pg":"Cole 1925 (Survey of Egypt Paper 39), 'Measurement of the base' table","url":"https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0017"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side E (Cole 1925, excavated casing line on pavement)","v":"230.391","u":"m","o":"230.391 m; true azimuth 359°54′30″","unc":"","by":"Cole 1925","yr":"1925","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","pg":"Cole 1925 (Survey of Egypt Paper 39), 'Measurement of the base' table","url":"https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0018"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side W (Cole 1925, excavated casing line on pavement)","v":"230.357","u":"m","o":"230.357 m; true azimuth 359°57′30″","unc":"","by":"Cole 1925","yr":"1925","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","pg":"Cole 1925 (Survey of Egypt Paper 39), 'Measurement of the base' table","url":"https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0019"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Cole diagonals","v":"NE–SW 325.699 m (44°56′45″); NW–SE 325.868 m (314°57′03″)","u":"as published","o":"NE–SW 325.699 m (44°56′45″); NW–SE 325.868 m (314°57′03″)","unc":"","by":"Cole 1925","yr":"1925","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","pg":"Cole 1925 same table","url":"https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","bb":"4 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0020"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Cole central axes / general mean","v":"N–S 230.374 m (359°56′00″); E–W 230.354 m (89°57′48″); general mean 230.364 m, mean azimuth −3′06″","u":"as published","o":"N–S 230.374 m (359°56′00″); E–W 230.354 m (89°57′48″); general mean 230.364 m, mean azimuth −3′06″","unc":"","by":"Cole 1925","yr":"1925","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","pg":"Cole 1925 'mean dimensions'","url":"https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","bb":"4 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0021"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side N (Dash/GDFS 2015; min / best / max at 95%)","v":"230.256 / 230.329 / 230.402 m","u":"as published","o":"230.256 / 230.329 / 230.402 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 AERAGRAM 16-2 Table 1","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0022"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side E (Dash/GDFS 2015; min / best / max at 95%)","v":"230.295 / 230.334 / 230.373 m","u":"as published","o":"230.295 / 230.334 / 230.373 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 AERAGRAM 16-2 Table 1","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0023"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side S (Dash/GDFS 2015; min / best / max at 95%)","v":"230.329 / 230.384 / 230.439 m","u":"as published","o":"230.329 / 230.384 / 230.439 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 AERAGRAM 16-2 Table 1","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0024"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base side W (Dash/GDFS 2015; min / best / max at 95%)","v":"230.378 / 230.407 / 230.436 m","u":"as published","o":"230.378 / 230.407 / 230.436 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 AERAGRAM 16-2 Table 1","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0025"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Casing base average (Dash 2015)","v":"230.363 m (755.783 ft)","u":"as published","o":"230.363 m (755.783 ft)","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 Table 1 & text","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0026"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Platform side N (Dash 2015; min / best / max)","v":"231.160 / 231.214 / 231.267 m","u":"as published","o":"231.160 / 231.214 / 231.267 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 Table 2","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0027"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Platform side E (Dash 2015; min / best / max)","v":"231.081 / 231.215 / 231.350 m","u":"as published","o":"231.081 / 231.215 / 231.350 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 Table 2","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0028"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Platform side S (Dash 2015; min / best / max)","v":"231.105 / 231.174 / 231.244 m","u":"as published","o":"231.105 / 231.174 / 231.244 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 Table 2","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0029"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Platform side W (Dash 2015; min / best / max)","v":"231.156 / 231.204 / 231.252 m","u":"as published","o":"231.156 / 231.204 / 231.252 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 Table 2","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0030"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Platform average (Dash 2015)","v":"231.202 m","u":"as published","o":"231.202 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 Table 2","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0031"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Platform extension beyond casing foot","v":"Dash: 39–47 cm overall; NW corner 41.2 cm N, 41.9 cm W. Cole: about 40 cm (38 W, 42 N, 48 E)","u":"as published","o":"Dash: 39–47 cm overall; NW corner 41.2 cm N, 41.9 cm W. Cole: about 40 cm (38 W, 42 N, 48 E)","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 p.8 & centrefold; Cole 1925 intro","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf ; https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0032"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Surviving in-situ casing (Dash 2015)","v":"54 m of in-place casing along a 920 m periphery; 84 baseline points along 155 m","u":"as published","o":"54 m of in-place casing along a 920 m periphery; 84 baseline points along 155 m","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 p.8","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0033"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Lehner/Goodman 1984 base per side (as tabulated by Dash 2012)","v":"Mean column: N 230.389, E 230.282, S 230.309, W 230.337 m (min/max in source)","u":"as published","o":"Mean column: N 230.389, E 230.282, S 230.309, W 230.337 m (min/max in source)","unc":"","by":"Dash 2012","yr":"2012","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2012. New Angles on the Great Pyramid. AERAGRAM 13(2)","pg":"Dash 2012 AERAGRAM 13-2 table (search-result extract only; PDF not opened)","url":"http://dashfoundation.org/downloads/archaeology/as-published/AG13-2_New_Angles-lo-res.pdf","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (seen only in a search snippet; PDF not opened)","id":"M0034"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Dorner base per side (as tabulated by Dash 2012)","v":"N 230.328, E 230.369, S 230.372, W 230.372 m; avg 230.360","u":"as published","o":"N 230.328, E 230.369, S 230.372, W 230.372 m; avg 230.360","unc":"","by":"Dash 2012","yr":"2012","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2012. New Angles on the Great Pyramid. AERAGRAM 13(2)","pg":"Dash 2012 table (snippet)","url":"http://dashfoundation.org/downloads/archaeology/as-published/AG13-2_New_Angles-lo-res.pdf","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (snippet only)","id":"M0035"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Face angle, N casing in situ by theodolite (Petrie)","v":"51°46′45″ ± 2′ (weight 7)","u":"as published","o":"51°46′45″ ± 2′ (weight 7)","unc":"± 2′ (weight 7","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §24 p.42","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0036"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Face angle, 18 casing fragments, goniometer","v":"51°53′ ± 1′20″ (weight 0)","u":"as published","o":"51°53′ ± 1′20″ (weight 0)","unc":"± 1′20″ (weight 0","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §24 p.42","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0037"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Face angle from entrance-passage mouth (N)","v":"51°53′20″ (weight 10)","u":"as published","o":"51°53′20″ (weight 10)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §24 p.42; §32","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0038"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Face angle from air-channel mouths","v":"N 51°51′30″; S 51°57′30″","u":"as published","o":"N 51°51′30″; S 51°57′30″","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §24, §33","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0039"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Face angle, N weighted mean","v":"51°50′40″ ± 1′5″","u":"as published","o":"51°50′40″ ± 1′5″","unc":"± 1′5″","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §24 p.42","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0040"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Face angle, adopted mean","v":"51°52′ ± 2′","u":"as published","o":"51°52′ ± 2′","unc":"± 2′","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §25 p.43","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0041"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Slope ratio used by Cole","v":"5.5/7 horizontal per vertical (check: 1.173 m horizontal over 1.496 m rise on N casing)","u":"as published","o":"5.5/7 horizontal per vertical (check: 1.173 m horizontal over 1.496 m rise on N casing)","unc":"","by":"Cole 1925","yr":"1925","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","pg":"Cole 1925 'South side' note","url":"https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0042"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Seked equivalent of 51°52′ (computed here, not from a source)","v":"7/tan(51°52′) ≈ 5.50 palms per cubit","u":"as published","o":"7/tan(51°52′) ≈ 5.50 palms per cubit","unc":"","by":"arithmetic on Petrie §25 value","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"","pg":"arithmetic on Petrie §25 value","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"derived (not a source claim)","id":"M0043"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Original height (Petrie)","v":"146.710","u":"m","o":"5776.0 ± 7.0 in","unc":"± 7.0 in","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §25 p.43","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0044"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Original height, rounded (ScanPyramids 2023)","v":"'expected to be over 146 m high'","u":"as published","o":"'expected to be over 146 m high'","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"Procureur et al. 2023, Introduction","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0045"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Present height and width (ScanPyramids 2023)","v":"'today … 139 m high and 230 m wide'","u":"as published","o":"'today … 139 m high and 230 m wide'","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"Procureur et al. 2023, Introduction","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0046"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Present top platform: centre to core faces (Petrie, mean of all)","v":"N 224.5 ± .7; E 214.1 ± .3; S 215.0 ± .4; W 217.6 ± 1.0 in, at 5407.9 (NE) to 5409.2 (SW) in above base","u":"as published","o":"N 224.5 ± .7; E 214.1 ± .3; S 215.0 ± .4; W 217.6 ± 1.0 in, at 5407.9 (NE) to 5409.2 (SW) in above base","unc":"± .7","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §25 p.43","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0047"},{"f":"2.1 Exterior: base, height, slope","a":"Volume","v":"[unverified]","u":"as published","o":"[unverified]","unc":"","by":"not stated in any source opened this session","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"","pg":"not stated in any source opened this session","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (no opened source gives volume)","id":"M0048"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"NE socket floor","v":"-0.724","u":"m","o":"-28.5","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0049"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"SE socket floor","v":"-1.013","u":"m","o":"-39.9","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0050"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"SW socket floor","v":"-0.584","u":"m","o":"-23.0","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0051"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"NW socket floor","v":"-0.833","u":"m","o":"-32.8","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0052"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"1st course top NE","v":"1.488","u":"m","o":"58.6","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0053"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"1st course top SW","v":"1.463","u":"m","o":"57.6","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0054"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"1st course top NW","v":"1.473","u":"m","o":"58.0","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0055"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"1st course top N","v":"1.496","u":"m","o":"58.9","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0056"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"2nd course NE","v":"2.736","u":"m","o":"107.7","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0057"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"2nd course SE","v":"2.680","u":"m","o":"105.5","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0058"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"2nd course SW","v":"2.824","u":"m","o":"111.2","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0059"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"2nd course NW","v":"2.708","u":"m","o":"106.6","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0060"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"2nd course N","v":"2.728","u":"m","o":"107.4","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22–23 pp.40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0061"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"Socket levels, Inglis 1865 (pavement-reduced)","v":"NE −28.6; SE −42.4; SW −23.0; NW −32.8","u":"as published","o":"NE −28.6; SE −42.4; SW −23.0; NW −32.8","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §22 p.40","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0062"},{"f":"2.2 Khufu: levelling of base and courses (Petrie, pavement = 0)","a":"N casing base: average variation from level plane +58.85","v":"0.02 in","u":"as published","o":"0.02 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. 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value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0142"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"QC ridge level above pavement","v":"27.435","u":"m","o":"1080.1 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §42 p.68","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0143"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"QC ridge position","v":"0.3 ± .8 in N of pyramid centre","u":"as published","o":"0.3 ± .8 in N of pyramid centre","unc":"± .8 in N of pyramid centre","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §40–41","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0144"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"QC course thicknesses (base up)","v":"34.13, 33.31, 31.69, 28.00, 28.94, 28.40 in","u":"as published","o":"34.13, 33.31, 31.69, 28.00, 28.94, 28.40 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §42 p.68","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0145"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"QC gable roof slabs","v":"sloping lengths 118.59–120.00 in; angles 30°10′–30°48′; slabs extend 121.6 in behind wall face","u":"as published","o":"sloping lengths 118.59–120.00 in; angles 30°10′–30°48′; slabs extend 121.6 in behind wall face","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §42 p.69","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0146"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"QC niche","v":"1.575","u":"m","o":"41 in deep; 62 in wide at base narrowing in 4 laps to 20 in at 156 in; roofed at 184 in high; mean eccentricity 25.29 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §43 pp.69–70","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0147"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"QC shafts","v":"N 8.6 in high, ~8 wide, horizontal 76 in then rises at 37°28′; S 8.8 high, horizontal 80.0 then rises at 38°28′","u":"as published","o":"N 8.6 in high, ~8 wide, horizontal 76 in then rises at 37°28′; S 8.8 high, horizontal 80.0 then rises at 38°28′","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §44 pp.70–71","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0148"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Grand Gallery mean altitude","v":"26°16′40″; azimuth +1′20″ (mean axis)","u":"as published","o":"26°16′40″; azimuth +1′20″ (mean axis)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §45 p.71","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0149"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Grand Gallery floor length","v":"47.843","u":"m","o":"1815.5 in to ramp end; 1883.6 in to S wall (sloping)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §45 table","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0150"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Grand Gallery roof length","v":"46.700","u":"m","o":"1648.4 in horizontal; 1838.6 in sloping","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §46 p.74","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0151"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Grand Gallery top width","v":"1.039","u":"m","o":"40.9 in (N), 41.3 in (S)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §46 p.73","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0152"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Grand Gallery corbel laps","v":"0.522","u":"m","o":"7 laps (8 with top) totalling 20.55 in mean overhang per side","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §46 p.74","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0153"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Grand Gallery height","v":"varies 167 to 172 in (vertical) per Smyth lap data cited by Petrie","u":"as published","o":"varies 167 to 172 in (vertical) per Smyth lap data cited by Petrie","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §46 p.74","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0154"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Grand Gallery ramp holes","v":"long holes 23.32 in (av. var. .73); short holes 20.51 in (av. var. .40)","u":"as published","o":"long holes 23.32 in (av. var. .73); short holes 20.51 in (av. var. .40)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §46 p.72","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0155"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Gallery roof slabs","v":"angles 28°0′–28°30′, mean 28°11′; ratchet cuts 1.0 and 1.9–2.0 in deep","u":"as published","o":"angles 28°0′–28°30′, mean 28°11′; ratchet cuts 1.0 and 1.9–2.0 in deep","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §46 pp.72–73","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0156"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Great Step","v":"43.007","u":"m","o":"face 34.92–35.85 in high; 61.0 (E) / 61.5 (W) in long N–S; top surface 1693.2 ± .6 in above pavement","unc":"± .6 in above pavement","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §46 p.75","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0157"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Gallery S wall: floor intersection","v":"42.901","u":"m","o":"1689.0 ± .5 in above pavement; 61.7 ± .8 in S of centre","unc":"± .5 in above pavement","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §45 p.72","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0158"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Well shaft mouth","v":"from 21.8 to 49.0 in horizontally from gallery N wall","u":"as published","o":"from 21.8 to 49.0 in horizontally from gallery N wall","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §46 p.74","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0159"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Antechamber","v":"2.954","u":"m","o":"116.30 long (N–S) × 65.00 wide × 149.35 high (means); ceiling 1841.8 ± .6 in above pavement","unc":"± .6 in above pavement","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §48 p.77","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0160"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Antechamber granite leaf","v":"two stones, thickness 15.16 to 16.20 in; E–W breadth 40.6–41.2 in","u":"as published","o":"two stones, thickness 15.16 to 16.20 in; E–W breadth 40.6–41.2 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §50 pp.78–79","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0161"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"King's Chamber original lengths (corrected for joint openings)","v":"10.475","u":"m","o":"N 412.40; S 412.11 (mean); E 206.29; W 205.97 in (mean)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §52 p.80","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0162"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"King's Chamber height to ceiling","v":"ceiling 1921.6–1923.7 in above pavement; actual floor 1691.4–1693.7 in","u":"as published","o":"ceiling 1921.6–1923.7 in above pavement; actual floor 1691.4–1693.7 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §55 p.83","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0163"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"King's Chamber wall course thickness","v":"1.195","u":"m","o":"mean 47.040 ± .013 in (avg. variation .051)","unc":"± .013 in (avg. variation .051","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §52 p.81","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0164"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"King's Chamber position","v":"N wall 330.6 ± .8 S of centre; S wall 537.0; E wall 305.1 ± 3.0 E; W wall 107.7 ± 3.0 W","u":"as published","o":"N wall 330.6 ± .8 S of centre; S wall 537.0; E wall 305.1 ± 3.0 E; W wall 107.7 ± 3.0 W","unc":"± .8 S of centre","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §55 p.83","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0165"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"King's Chamber roof","v":"9 granite beams; individual widths 44.8–62.7 in (N side)","u":"as published","o":"9 granite beams; individual widths 44.8–62.7 in (N side)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §53 p.81","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0166"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"King's Chamber granite ceiling mass (Petrie estimate)","v":"'weighing some 400 tons'","u":"as published","o":"'weighing some 400 tons'","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §51 p.80","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0167"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"King's Chamber floor irregularity","v":"depth below 1st course joint varies 2.29 in (42.94 to 40.65)","u":"as published","o":"depth below 1st course joint varies 2.29 in (42.94 to 40.65)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §54 p.82","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0168"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"KC N shaft angles","v":"32°4′45″ (84–180), 31°37′15″ (180–300), 30°43′15″ (300–372); mean 31°33′; width 8.9–9.2 (mean 9.0); height 8.72/8.74 in","u":"as published","o":"32°4′45″ (84–180), 31°37′15″ (180–300), 30°43′15″ (300–372); mean 31°33′; width 8.9–9.2 (mean 9.0); height 8.72/8.74 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §56 pp.83–84","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0169"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"KC S shaft angles","v":"45°25′6″ … 44°26′18″ by 120-in segments; mean 45°13′40″; width at top 8.35/8.65; height 8.7–8.9 in","u":"as published","o":"45°25′6″ … 44°26′18″ by 120-in segments; mean 45°13′40″; width at top 8.35/8.65; height 8.7–8.9 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §56","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0170"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"KC shafts: outer course","v":"N channel must exit in 103rd course, S in 104th (Petrie's reconstruction)","u":"as published","o":"N channel must exit in 103rd course, S in 104th (Petrie's reconstruction)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie 1883 §33 pp.52–53","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0171"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Coffer (mean planes)","v":"2.276","u":"m","o":"outside 89.62 L × 38.50 W × 41.31 H; inside 78.06 × 26.81 × 34.42 deep; walls 5.67–5.89; base 6.89 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §59 p.86","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0172"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Coffer volumes","v":"contents 72,030; bulk 70,500; overall 142,530 cu in (mean planes); caliper basis 71,960 / 70,630 / 142,590","u":"as published","o":"contents 72,030; bulk 70,500; overall 142,530 cu in (mean planes); caliper basis 71,960 / 70,630 / 142,590","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §61 p.90","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0173"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Relieving chambers (rough masonry)","v":"1st: N 460.8, S 464.6, E 205.8, W 205.9; 2nd: S 471.8, E 204.65; 3rd: N 479?, S 472; 4th: N 481, S 467, E 196, W 198; top: N 462–470, S 468.4, W 247 in","u":"as published","o":"1st: N 460.8, S 464.6, E 205.8, W 205.9; 2nd: S 471.8, E 204.65; 3rd: N 479?, S 472; 4th: N 481, S 467, E 196, W 198; top: N 462–470, S 468.4, W 247 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §62 pp.91–92","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0174"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Relieving chamber 4: end-wall sinkage","v":"as much as 3 in","u":"as published","o":"as much as 3 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §63 p.93","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0175"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Davison's passage mouth (gallery top)","v":"26.3 wide top / 26.2 base; 29.4 high; passage 28½ wide × 32 high × over 20 ft","u":"as published","o":"26.3 wide top / 26.2 base; 29.4 high; passage 28½ wide × 32 high × over 20 ft","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie 1883 §62 p.91","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0176"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"QC south shaft (Gantenbrink 1993 'Upuaut') total length to slab, slab, copper fittings","v":"[unverified]","u":"as published","o":"[unverified]","unc":"","by":"Gantenbrink publication not opened","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"","pg":"Gantenbrink publication not opened","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (primary report not opened; not filled from memory) | W20D: Dunn ch.8 \"about nine inches square\" (~229 mm) vs Djedi ~210 mm (W20DN010)","id":"M0177"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"QC south shaft: Djedi robot working space","v":"'climbing 70m within a confined space of 20cm by 20cm' (project description)","u":"as published","o":"'climbing 70m within a confined space of 20cm by 20cm' (project description)","unc":"","by":"Leeds","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Univ. of Leeds, Djedi project page","pg":"Univ. of Leeds Djedi case study","url":"https://robotics.leeds.ac.uk/case-studies/djedi-robot-archaeological-expedition/","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0178"},{"f":"2.4 Khufu: interior (Petrie unless stated)","a":"Djedi findings: painted marks behind slab, pin geometry","v":"[unverified]","u":"as published","o":"[unverified]","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013 / Hawass et al. 2011 ASAE 84 not opened","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"","pg":"Richardson 2013 / Hawass et al. 2011 ASAE 84 not opened","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (paywall; Leeds page says only 'painted hieroglyphs … and lines')","id":"M0179"},{"f":"2.5 Khufu: casing details","a":"Casing thickness at top (avg)","v":"1.803","u":"m","o":"71 ± 5 in back to top edge","unc":"± 5 in back to top edge","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §26 p.43","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0180"},{"f":"2.5 Khufu: casing details","a":"Remaining N casing stones","v":"1.575","u":"m","o":"top thickness 62 ± 8 in; bottom 108 ± 8 in","unc":"± 8 in","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §26","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0181"},{"f":"2.5 Khufu: casing details","a":"Casing thickness at corners","v":"0.856","u":"m","o":"33.7 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §26","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0182"},{"f":"2.5 Khufu: casing details","a":"Core face hollowing (N face)","v":"0.940","u":"m","o":"about 37 in","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §26 p.44","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0183"},{"f":"2.5 Khufu: casing details","a":"Casing joint widths","v":"0.001","u":"m","o":"top .020, .002, .045; face .012, .022, .013, .040, .011, .014 in; mean 0.020 in (≈1/50 in)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §26 p.44","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0184"},{"f":"2.5 Khufu: casing details","a":"Casing joint area / stone mass (Petrie estimate)","v":"joint about 35 sq ft; stone 'some 16 tons'","u":"as published","o":"joint about 35 sq ft; stone 'some 16 tons'","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §26 p.44","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0185"},{"f":"2.5 Khufu: casing details","a":"Casing top-edge to pavement on S side (Cole)","v":"1.511","u":"m","o":"1.511 m vertical","unc":"","by":"Cole 1925","yr":"1925","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","pg":"Cole 1925","url":"https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0186"},{"f":"2.5 Khufu: casing details","a":"Casing material and source","v":"Tura (Tura–Masara) fine limestone; Klemm & Klemm geochemistry: casing/backing match Tura–Maasara, with some samples possibly upper Mokattam","u":"as published","o":"Tura (Tura–Masara) fine limestone; Klemm & Klemm geochemistry: casing/backing match Tura–Maasara, with some samples possibly upper Mokattam","unc":"","by":"Klemm 2010","yr":"2010","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Klemm, R. & Klemm, D.D. 2010. The Stones of the Pyramids","pg":"Klemm & Klemm 'Stones of the pyramids' (Harvard Giza PDF)","url":"https://gizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu/documents/klemm-klemm_stones_gizeh.pdf","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (PDF download failed: curl TLS error 35; content seen only in a search snippet)","id":"M0187"},{"f":"2.5 Khufu: casing details","a":"Casing referred to as 'hard, white casing stones … hauled over from quarries at Tura'","v":"as quoted","u":"as published","o":"as quoted","unc":"","by":"Dash 2015","yr":"2015","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","pg":"Dash 2015 p.8","url":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0188"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Granite plug-blocks","v":"red granite, cut from boulder stones; rounded outer surfaces left at corners","u":"as published","o":"red granite, cut from boulder stones; rounded outer surfaces left at corners","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie §38 p.64","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0189"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"King's Chamber walls, roof beams, coffer","v":"granite; roof beams rough-dressed, not polished; coffer 'red granite'","u":"as published","o":"granite; roof beams rough-dressed, not polished; coffer 'red granite'","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie §53, §57","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0190"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Relieving chambers","v":"granite floor beams; supporting blocks granite (lower) and limestone (upper)","u":"as published","o":"granite floor beams; supporting blocks granite (lower) and limestone (upper)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie §62–63","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0191"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Sloping blocks over entrance","v":"'remarkably soft fine-grained limestone'; weathers brown within about 20 years","u":"as published","o":"'remarkably soft fine-grained limestone'; weathers brown within about 20 years","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §34 pp.53–54","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0192"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Basalt pavement (E side)","v":"sawn basalt blocks on bed of fine limestone; > 1/3 acre; about 1/4 remains in situ","u":"as published","o":"sawn basalt blocks on bed of fine limestone; > 1/3 acre; about 1/4 remains in situ","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §28 p.46","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0193"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Casing joints","v":"cemented throughout","u":"as published","o":"cemented throughout","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §26 p.44","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0194"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Mortar","v":"gypsum or limestone roasted; ashes and charcoal fragments 1–2 mm in the mortar; mortar dissolved in dilute HCl for sampling","u":"as published","o":"gypsum or limestone roasted; ashes and charcoal fragments 1–2 mm in the mortar; mortar dissolved in dilute HCl for sampling","unc":"","by":"Bonani 2001","yr":"2001","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Bonani, G. et al. 2001. Radiocarbon dates of Old and Middle Kingdom monuments in Egypt. Radiocarbon 43(3)","pg":"Bonani et al. 2001, Radiocarbon 43(3) pp.1297–1298","url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0195"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Mortar radiocarbon sample counts / results per pyramid","v":"[unverified]","u":"as published","o":"[unverified]","unc":"","by":"Bonani 2001","yr":"2001","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Bonani, G. et al. 2001. Radiocarbon dates of Old and Middle Kingdom monuments in Egypt. Radiocarbon 43(3)","pg":"Bonani 2001 tables (image tables, not extracted)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"[unverified] (tables not parsed from PDF)","id":"M0196"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Gypsum mortar mineralogy (XRD / composition %)","v":"[unverified]","u":"as published","o":"[unverified]","unc":"","by":"no primary opened","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"","pg":"no primary opened","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (no source opened)","id":"M0197"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Core limestone: local Giza (Mokattam Formation members)","v":"Harrell: building stones normally from nearby quarries; quarry beside Khafre pyramid cited as example","u":"as published","o":"Harrell: building stones normally from nearby quarries; quarry beside Khafre pyramid cited as example","unc":"","by":"Harrell","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Harrell, J.A. (UEE) building stones","pg":"Harrell, UCLA Encyclopedia 'Building Stones'","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt3fd124g0/qt3fd124g0.pdf","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (escholarship PDF returned a 919-byte stub; only a search snippet seen)","id":"M0198"},{"f":"2.6 Khufu: materials","a":"Granite source: Aswan","v":"Aswan granite for King's Chamber","u":"as published","o":"Aswan granite for King's Chamber","unc":"","by":"Harrell","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Harrell, J.A. (UEE) building stones","pg":"Harrell / search synthesis","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt3fd124g0/qt3fd124g0.pdf","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (not opened)","id":"M0199"},{"f":"2.7 Khufu: block and mass estimates (all are estimates)","a":"Number of blocks","v":"'several million pieces of limestone, each about 1–2 m high'","u":"as published","o":"'several million pieces of limestone, each about 1–2 m high'","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"Procureur et al. 2023 Introduction","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0200"},{"f":"2.7 Khufu: block and mass estimates (all are estimates)","a":"Casing stone mass","v":"'some 16 tons' (estimate)","u":"as published","o":"'some 16 tons' (estimate)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","pg":"Petrie §26","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0201"},{"f":"2.7 Khufu: block and mass estimates (all are estimates)","a":"KC granite ceiling","v":"'some 400 tons' (estimate)","u":"as published","o":"'some 400 tons' (estimate)","unc":"","by":"Petrie 1883","yr":"1883","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","pg":"Petrie §51","url":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0202"},{"f":"2.7 Khufu: block and mass estimates (all are estimates)","a":"Specific block count (e.g. 2.3 million) / total mass","v":"[unverified]","u":"as published","o":"[unverified]","unc":"","by":"no primary opened","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"","pg":"no primary opened","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"[unverified] (not filled from memory)","id":"M0203"},{"f":"2.7 Khufu: block and mass estimates (all are estimates)","a":"Pyramid stone density used in muon simulations","v":"2.2 g/cm³ best fit (tested 1.8–2.6)","u":"as published","o":"2.2 g/cm³ best fit (tested 1.8–2.6)","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"Procureur et al. 2023 Methods","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0204"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"Big Void (SP-BV): Length","v":"minimum 30 m","u":"as published","o":"minimum 30 m","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid... Nature 552:386-390","pg":"Morishima et al. 2017 abstract","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24647","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0353"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"Big Void: Cross-section","v":"'similar to that of the Grand Gallery'","u":"as published","o":"'similar to that of the Grand Gallery'","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid... Nature 552:386-390","pg":"Nature 2017 abstract","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24647","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0354"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"Big Void: Position","v":"'situated above the Grand Gallery'; horizontal and inclined hypotheses both shown","u":"as published","o":"'situated above the Grand Gallery'; horizontal and inclined hypotheses both shown","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid... Nature 552:386-390","pg":"Nature 2017 abstract; Nat. Comms 2023 Fig.1 caption","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24647 ; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0355"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"North Face Corridor (NFC): W × H × L (Nagoya emulsion)","v":"2.02 ± 0.06 m × 2.18 ± 0.17 m × 9.06 ± 0.07 m","u":"as published","o":"2.02 ± 0.06 m × 2.18 ± 0.17 m × 9.06 ± 0.07 m","unc":"± 0.06 m × 2.18 ± 0.17 m × 9.06 ± 0.07 m","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"Procureur et al. 2023 Results","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0356"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: Length (CEA)","v":"9.23 ± 0.48 m","u":"as published","o":"9.23 ± 0.48 m","unc":"± 0.48 m","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"same","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0357"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: Height / width (CEA)","v":"H 1.85 ± 0.12 m; W 1.87 ± 0.11 m","u":"as published","o":"H 1.85 ± 0.12 m; W 1.87 ± 0.11 m","unc":"± 0.12 m","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"same","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0358"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: Slope","v":"Nagoya MC: −0.3 ± 1.5°; CEA: −1.9 (+7.2/−4.7)°","u":"as published","o":"Nagoya MC: −0.3 ± 1.5°; CEA: −1.9 (+7.2/−4.7)°","unc":"± 1.5°","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"same","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0359"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: N end offset behind Chevron face","v":"X = 0.84 ± 0.05 m","u":"as published","o":"X = 0.84 ± 0.05 m","unc":"± 0.05 m","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"same","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0360"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: Bottom plane","v":"Z = 0.72 ± 0.13 m above Chevron origin (≈ 20 m above ground level)","u":"as published","o":"Z = 0.72 ± 0.13 m above Chevron origin (≈ 20 m above ground level)","unc":"± 0.13 m above Chevron origin (≈ 20 m above ground level","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"same","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0361"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: CEA N-extremity altitude","v":"Z = 1.34 ± 0.53 m","u":"as published","o":"Z = 1.34 ± 0.53 m","unc":"± 0.53 m","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"same","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0362"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: E–W offset","v":"Nagoya Y = 0.03 ± 0.04 m; CEA Y = −0.07 ± 0.11 m (−7 ± 4 cm relative to DC)","u":"as published","o":"Nagoya Y = 0.03 ± 0.04 m; CEA Y = −0.07 ± 0.11 m (−7 ± 4 cm relative to DC)","unc":"± 0.04 m","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"same","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0363"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: Summary","v":"N end 0.8 m behind Chevron, ends 9.1 m southward; cross-section about 2.0 × 2.0 m","u":"as published","o":"N end 0.8 m behind Chevron, ends 9.1 m southward; cross-section about 2.0 × 2.0 m","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"Discussion","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0364"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: Southward limit","v":"no continuation > 1.0 × 1.0 m","u":"as published","o":"no continuation > 1.0 × 1.0 m","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"same","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0365"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: Significance","v":"muon excess well over 10σ","u":"as published","o":"muon excess well over 10σ","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"same","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0366"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"NFC: Prior announcement","v":"'at least 5 m' length (2016)","u":"as published","o":"'at least 5 m' length (2016)","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"Nat. Comms 2023 Abstract","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0367"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"Internal passages layout (context): ","v":"corridors N–S about 7 m E of pyramid centre","u":"as published","o":"corridors N–S about 7 m E of pyramid centre","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"Nat. Comms 2023 Intro","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0368"},{"f":"7. ScanPyramids voids (factual dimensions only)","a":"Descending corridor cross-section (context): ","v":"~1 m × 1 m","u":"as published","o":"~1 m × 1 m","unc":"","by":"Procureur 2023","yr":"2023","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","pg":"Nat. Comms 2023","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0369"},{"f":"Exterior (context)","a":"Height (as stated, 'present'/'original' not specified)","v":"139","u":"m","o":"139 m","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"p.1 intro (citing Lehner 2008; Dash 2015)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Khufu-height (Petrie original 146.71 m computed from 5776.0 in)","id":"M0370"},{"f":"Exterior (context)","a":"Width (as stated)","v":"230","u":"m","o":"230 m","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"p.1 intro","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Khufu-base","id":"M0371"},{"f":"Grand Gallery","a":"Height × length × width","v":"8.6 × 46.7 × 2.1 to 1.0","u":"m","o":"8.6 m high × 46.7 m long × 2.1 to 1.0 m wide","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"p.1 intro","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"compare Petrie §§40-42 Grand Gallery dimensions","id":"M0372"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Big Void: length (emulsion triangulation)","v":"more than 30 m","u":"as published","o":"more than 30 m","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"main text","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0373"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Big Void: distance from emulsion detector positions","v":"between 40 m and 50 m","u":"as published","o":"between 40 m and 50 m","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"main text","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0374"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Big Void: height of located region","v":"'21 m above the ground level' (verbatim; reference level ambiguous)","u":"as published","o":"'21 m above the ground level' (verbatim; reference level ambiguous)","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"main text","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0375"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Big Void: length of main part (KEK hodoscopes)","v":"approximately 30 m","u":"as published","o":"approximately 30 m","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"Methods (KEK)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0376"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Big Void: significance, emulsion NE1 / NE2","v":"13.7σ / 12.7σ (statistical)","u":"as published","o":"13.7σ / 12.7σ (statistical)","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"Methods (Nagoya)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0377"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Big Void: significance, hodoscopes H1 / H2","v":"slices >10σ (outer slice >5σ / >7σ)","u":"as published","o":"slices >10σ (outer slice >5σ / >7σ)","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"Methods (KEK)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0378"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Big Void: significance, gas detectors combined","v":"5.8σ (308.4 ± 52.8)","u":"as published","o":"5.8σ (308.4 ± 52.8)","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"Methods (CEA)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0379"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Grand Gallery: significance, gas detectors combined","v":"8.4σ (304.8 ± 36.2)","u":"as published","o":"8.4σ (304.8 ± 36.2)","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"Methods (CEA)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0380"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Rock thickness from QC emulsion positions","v":"min 65 m, max 115 m","u":"as published","o":"min 65 m, max 115 m","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"Methods (Nagoya)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0381"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"3D model precision","v":"~30 cm internal structures; ~1 m external casing","u":"as published","o":"~30 cm internal structures; ~1 m external casing","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"Methods (3D model)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0382"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Simulation density assumptions (not measurements)","v":"limestone 2.2 g/cm³; granite 2.75 g/cm³ (Nagoya) / 2.6 g/cm³ (RTMS)","u":"as published","o":"limestone 2.2 g/cm³; granite 2.75 g/cm³ (Nagoya) / 2.6 g/cm³ (RTMS)","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"Methods","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"assumption, not measurement","id":"M0383"},{"f":"ScanPyramids Big Void","a":"Queen's Chamber temperature","v":"25 °C","u":"as published","o":"25 °C","unc":"","by":"Morishima 2017 (arXiv)","yr":"2017","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","pg":"Methods (Nagoya)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0384"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"QC shafts cross-section","v":"approximately 210 mm square","u":"as published","o":"approximately 210 mm square","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.324","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0385"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"QC shafts length","v":"approximately 64 m each","u":"as published","o":"approximately 64 m each","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.324 Fig.1 caption","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0386"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"QC south shaft horizontal entrance","v":"~210 mm square, ~2 m long, then 40° incline","u":"as published","o":"~210 mm square, ~2 m long, then 40° incline","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.325","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0387"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"QC south shaft lateral displacement","v":"at approximately 30 m","u":"as published","o":"at approximately 30 m","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.325","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0388"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"QC south shaft floor step","v":"40 mm, at ~59 m","u":"as published","o":"40 mm, at ~59 m","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.325","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0389"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"First blocking stone position","v":"63.6 ± 0.4 m from shaft entrance","u":"as published","o":"63.6 ± 0.4 m from shaft entrance","unc":"± 0.4 m","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.344","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"odometry + umbilical length; Upuaut-2 reported ~63.5 m (p.325)","id":"M0390"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"First blocking stone thickness","v":"approximately 60 mm","u":"as published","o":"approximately 60 mm","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"pp.325, 344","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0391"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"Space behind first blocking stone","v":"approximately 200 mm depth","u":"as published","o":"approximately 200 mm depth","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.326","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0392"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"Blocking stone vs U-block width","v":"blocking stone ~3 mm wider; slid ~260 mm down into U-block","u":"as published","o":"blocking stone ~3 mm wider; slid ~260 mm down into U-block","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.344","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0393"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"Copper pin broken ends","v":"around 12 mm long","u":"as published","o":"around 12 mm long","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.344","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0394"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"Pin loop aperture","v":"~3 mm diameter object","u":"as published","o":"~3 mm diameter object","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.344","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0395"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber shafts (Djedi)","a":"QC north shaft (Upuaut-2)","v":"19 m to a 45° turn west","u":"as published","o":"19 m to a 45° turn west","unc":"","by":"Richardson 2013","yr":"2013","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","pg":"p.325","url":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0396"},{"f":"Location","a":"Latitude assumed by Nell & Ruggles for declination calc","v":"29.975","u":"deg","o":"29.975","unc":"","by":"Nell & Ruggles 2014","yr":"2014","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Nell, E. & Ruggles, C. 2014 (arXiv:1302.5622)","pg":"§2 methods","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5622","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"ASSUMED mean latitude, not a surveyed coordinate","id":"M0397"},{"f":"Location","a":"Surveyed lat/long of apex/centre","v":"—","u":"—","o":"—","unc":"","by":"—","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"—","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"no citable primary geodetic coordinate opened; Dash 2015 gives GPMP grid centre only (Khufu)","id":"M0398"},{"f":"Volume / block count","a":"Measured volume or block count","v":"—","u":"—","o":"—","unc":"","by":"—","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"—","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"no measured value exists in sources opened; Petrie gives estimates only; Maragioglio & Rinaldi not accessible","id":"M0399"},{"f":"Exterior","a":"Present (current) height, modern survey","v":"—","u":"—","o":"—","unc":"","by":"—","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"—","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"no modern measured present height opened","id":"M0400"},{"f":"Exterior/passages (Vyse/Perring 1837)","a":"Angle of casing (Vyse/Perring)","v":"51°50′","u":"as published","o":"51°50′","unc":"","by":"Vyse 1840 vol.2","yr":"1840","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Vyse, H. 1840. Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, vol. 2 (incl. Appendix with Perring's dimensions). London: Fraser","pg":"Appendix, dimension tables (IA OCR; printed page not confirmed)","url":"https://archive.org/details/operationscarri00vysegoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Khufu-face-angle","id":"M0407"},{"f":"Exterior/passages (Vyse/Perring 1837)","a":"Entrance passage angle (Vyse/Perring)","v":"26°41′","u":"as published","o":"26°41′","unc":"","by":"Vyse 1840 vol.2","yr":"1840","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Vyse, H. 1840. Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, vol. 2 (incl. Appendix with Perring's dimensions). London: Fraser","pg":"Appendix, dimension tables (IA OCR; printed page not confirmed)","url":"https://archive.org/details/operationscarri00vysegoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0408"},{"f":"Exterior/passages (Vyse/Perring 1837)","a":"Ascending passage angle (Vyse/Perring)","v":"26°18′","u":"as published","o":"26°18′","unc":"","by":"Vyse 1840 vol.2","yr":"1840","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Vyse, H. 1840. Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, vol. 2 (incl. Appendix with Perring's dimensions). London: Fraser","pg":"Appendix, dimension tables (IA OCR; printed page not confirmed)","url":"https://archive.org/details/operationscarri00vysegoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0409"},{"f":"Exterior (Vyse/Perring)","a":"Base and height figures","v":"764/746 ft; 450 9/611/568 (column-misaligned)","u":"ft in","o":"","unc":"","by":"Vyse 1840 vol.2","yr":"1840","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Vyse, H. 1840. Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, vol. 2 (incl. Appendix with Perring's dimensions). London: Fraser","pg":"Appendix, dimension tables (IA OCR; printed page not confirmed)","url":"https://archive.org/details/operationscarri00vysegoog","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"OCR columns misaligned; page image not inspected","id":"M0419"},{"f":"Great Pyramid","a":"original height","v":"146.6","u":"m","o":"Initially standing at 146.6 m, the Great Pyramid was the world's tallest human-made structure for more than 3,700 years.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: Wikipedia/280 cubits 146.6 m; DISAGREES with Petrie 1883 §25 base-derived 146.710 m (5776±7 in) per giza-serapeum library — kept as separate-source disagreement, not merged","id":"M1428"},{"f":"Great Pyramid","a":"current height","v":"138.5","u":"m","o":"Over time, most of the smooth white limestone casing was removed, which lowered the pyramid's height to the current 138.5 m; what is seen today is the underlying core structure.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1429"},{"f":"of the base was measured to be about","a":"length","v":"230.3","u":"m","o":"Each side of the base was measured to be about 230.3 m in length, giving a volume of roughly 2.6 e6m3, which includes an internal hillock.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1430"},{"f":"blocks of granite from Aswan weighing up to","a":"mass","v":"80","u":"tonnes","o":"Other blocks were imported by boat on the Nile: white limestone from Tura for the casing, and blocks of granite from Aswan, weighing up to 80 tonnes, for the \"King's Chamber\" structure.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1431"},{"f":"Great Pyramid","a":"dating (as stated)","v":"about 4,600 years old","u":"","o":"The Great Pyramid has been determined to be about 4,600 years old by two principal approaches: indirectly, through its attribution to Khufu and his chronological age, based on archaeological and textual evidence; and directly, via radiocarbon dating of organic material found in the pyramid and included in its mortar.","unc":"","by":"per cited source","yr":"","m":"documentary: auto-extracted sentence","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary)","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"W8 review: INTERPRETATION: attribution to Khufu plus radiocarbon","id":"M1432"},{"f":"Great Pyramid related artifact (Dixon relic wood fragment)","a":"dating (radiocarbon, as stated)","v":"3341–3094 BC","u":"cal BC","o":"Lost in the vast museum collection, it was only rediscovered in 2020, when it was radiocarbon dated to 3341–3094 BC, over 500 years older than Khufu's chronological age.","unc":"","by":"per cited source","yr":"","m":"documentary: auto-extracted sentence","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary)","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"W8 review: LAB_RESULT reported second-hand; wood older than Khufu (old wood problem)","id":"M1433"},{"f":"Egyptian Old Kingdom chronology","a":"radiocarbon sample count (Bronk Ramsey et al. 2010 model)","v":"200+","u":"samples","o":"For instance, Ramsey et al. included over 200 radiocarbon samples in their model.","unc":"","by":"per cited source","yr":"","m":"documentary: auto-extracted sentence","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary)","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: not a pyramid measurement","id":"M1434"},{"f":"It measured nearly","a":"length","v":"1","u":"km","o":"It measured nearly 1 km long and 20 yards wide, and elevated to a height of 16 yards, consisting of stone polished and carved with figures.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1435"},{"f":"Great Pyramid base platform","a":"perimeter levelness deviation","v":"21","u":"mm","o":"It was cut back into steps and only a strip around the perimeter was leveled, which has been measured to be horizontal and flat to within 21 mm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: cross-check Petrie/Dash: base level within ~2.1 cm","id":"M1436"},{"f":"The bedrock reaches a height of almost","a":"height","v":"6","u":"m","o":"The bedrock reaches a height of almost 6 m above the pyramid base at the location of the Grotto.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1437"},{"f":"Approximately 5 5 nbsp million tonnes of limestone","a":"mass","v":"8000","u":"tonnes","o":"Approximately 5.5&nbsp;million tonnes of limestone, 8,000&nbsp;tonnes of granite, and 500,000&nbsp;tonnes of mortar were used in the construction.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1438"},{"f":"limestone 8 000 nbsp tonnes of granite and","a":"mass","v":"500000","u":"tonnes","o":"Approximately 5.5&nbsp;million tonnes of limestone, 8,000&nbsp;tonnes of granite, and 500,000&nbsp;tonnes of mortar were used in the construction.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1439"},{"f":"Tura quarries","a":"distance from Giza","v":"10","u":"km","o":"REF63 REF64 The white limestone used for the casing was transported by boat across the Nile from the Tura quarries of the Eastern Desert plateau, about 10 km south-east of the Giza plateau.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: context distance","id":"M1440"},{"f":"Aswan granite quarries","a":"distance from Giza","v":"900","u":"km","o":"The granite stones in the pyramid were transported from Aswan, more than 900 km south.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: context distance","id":"M1441"},{"f":"The largest weighing","a":"mass","v":"25-80","u":"tonnes","o":"The largest, weighing 25 to 80 tonnes, form the ceilings of the \"King's chamber\" and the \"relieving chambers\" above it.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1442"},{"f":"were used to cut a block weighing about","a":"mass","v":"2.5","u":"tonnes","o":"In the experiment replicas of these were used to cut a block weighing about 2.5 tonnes (the average block size used for the Great Pyramid).","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1443"},{"f":"with high precision with joints on average only","a":"width","v":"0.5","u":"mm","o":"Many of the casing-stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with high precision, with joints, on average, only 0.5 mm wide.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1444"},{"f":"Petrie measured the lowest layer to be","a":"height","v":"148","u":"cm","o":"Petrie measured the lowest layer to be 148 cm high, whereas the layers towards the summit barely exceed 50 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1445"},{"f":"Great Pyramid courses","a":"upper course height (approx)","v":"50","u":"cm","o":"Petrie measured the lowest layer to be 148 cm high, whereas the layers towards the summit barely exceed 50 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: lowest course 148 cm per Petrie, cf. M1450 1.49 m","id":"M1446"},{"f":"the base have an average error of only","a":"length","v":"58","u":"mm","o":"The accuracy of the pyramid's perimeter is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 mm in length and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12&nbsp;seconds of arc.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1447"},{"f":"of saw with an estimated cutting blade of","a":"length","v":"15","u":"ft","o":"The basalt blocks of the pyramid temple show \"clear evidence\" of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 ft in length.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1448"},{"f":"have had copper teeth and weighed up to","a":"mass","v":"140","u":"kg","o":"Romer suggests that this \"super saw\" may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 140 kg.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1449"},{"f":"Great Pyramid course 1","a":"height","v":"1.49","u":"m","o":"The highest of the 203 remaining courses are towards the bottom, the first layer being the tallest at 1.49 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: Petrie gives 148 cm (M1446 sentence); small disagreement kept","id":"M1450"},{"f":"royal cubit in height with stones weighing around","a":"mass","v":"500","u":"kg","o":"Towards the top, layers tend to be only slightly over 1 royal cubit in height, with stones weighing around 500 kg.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1451"},{"f":"Great Pyramid mortar organic inclusions","a":"dating (radiocarbon, as stated)","v":"2871–2604 BC","u":"cal BC","o":"The mortar was chemically analyzed REF82 and contains organic inclusions (mostly charcoal), samples of which were radiocarbon dated to 2871–2604 BC.","unc":"","by":"per cited source","yr":"","m":"documentary: auto-extracted sentence","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary)","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"W8 review: see LAB rows wave8 (Bonani 2001)","id":"M1452"},{"f":"Great Pyramid summit","a":"height loss since intact","v":"8","u":"m","o":"Over time more stones were removed from the peak, and nowadays the pyramid is about 8 m shorter than it was when intact, with about 1000 t of material missing from the top.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: ~1000 t missing","id":"M1453"},{"f":"shorter than it was when intact with about","a":"mass","v":"1000","u":"t","o":"Over time more stones were removed from the peak, and nowadays the pyramid is about 8 m shorter than it was when intact, with about 1000 t of material missing from the top.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1454"},{"f":"Petrie survey","a":"claimed precision","v":"1","u":"mm","o":"His measurements of the pyramid were accurate to within 1&nbsp;mm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"W8 review: claim not supported by Petrie, whose stated errors are of order 0.1 in (2.5 mm) or more; keep flagged","id":"M1455"},{"f":"Original entrance","a":"height above base","v":"17","u":"m","o":"Before the removal of the casing in the Middle Ages, the pyramid was entered through a hole in the 19th layer of masonry, approximately 17 m above the pyramid's base level.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: Petrie §35 entrance height 668.2 in = 16.972 m (library); 17 m is the rounded value","id":"M1456"},{"f":"Course 19","a":"height","v":"96","u":"cm","o":"The height of that layer – 96 cm – corresponds to the size of the entrance tunnel that is commonly called the Descending Passage.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: matches Descending Passage height","id":"M1457"},{"f":"in 2019 to be a corridor at least","a":"length","v":"5","u":"m","o":"In 2016 the ScanPyramids team detected a cavity behind the entrance chevrons using muography, which was confirmed in 2019 to be a corridor at least 5 m long, and running horizontal or sloping upwards (thus not parallel to the Descending Passage).","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1458"},{"f":"revealing a horizontal tunnel with a length of","a":"length","v":"9","u":"m","o":"In February 2023 the North Face Corridor was explored with an endoscopic camera, revealing a horizontal tunnel with a length of 9 m and a transverse section of about 2 by 2 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1459"},{"f":"North Face Corridor","a":"cross-section","v":"2 x 2","u":"m","o":"In February 2023 the North Face Corridor was explored with an endoscopic camera, revealing a horizontal tunnel with a length of 9 m and a transverse section of about 2 by 2 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: length 9 m","id":"M1460"},{"f":"Al-Ma'mun tunnel","a":"entrance height above base","v":"7","u":"m","o":"The entrance was forced into the 6th and 7th layer of the casing, about 7 m above the base.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1461"},{"f":"Al-Ma'mun tunnel","a":"horizontal length","v":"27","u":"m","o":"After running more or less straight and horizontal for 27 m it turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1462"},{"f":"Pre-Ma'mun breach (Dionysius report)","a":"penetration depth (historical report)","v":"33","u":"m","o":"This theory is furthered by the report of patriarch Dionysius I Telmaharoyo, who claimed that before al-Ma'mun's expedition, there already existed a breach in the pyramid's north face that extended into the structure 33 m before hitting a dead end.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"W8 review: historical claim, not measurement","id":"M1463"},{"f":"Descending Passage","a":"slanted height","v":"1.20","u":"m","o":"It has a slanted height of 4 Egyptian feet (1.20 m; 3.9&nbsp;ft) and a width of 2 royal cubit.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: 4 Egyptian ft; Petrie 47.3 in ≈1.20 m","id":"M1464"},{"f":"Descending Passage","a":"slanted height (imperial)","v":"3.9","u":"ft","o":"It has a slanted height of 4 Egyptian feet (1.20 m; 3.9&nbsp;ft) and a width of 2 royal cubit.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: was mislabelled width; duplicate of M1464","id":"M1465"},{"f":"Descending Passage","a":"distance to Ascending Passage junction","v":"28","u":"m","o":"After 28 m, the lower end of the Ascending Passage is reached; a square hole in the ceiling, which is blocked by granite stones and might have originally been concealed.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1466"},{"f":"Descending Passage","a":"bedrock section length","v":"72","u":"m","o":"The passage continues to descend for another 72 m, now through bedrock instead of the pyramid superstructure.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1467"},{"f":"the Subterranean Chamber It has a length of","a":"length","v":"8.84","u":"m","o":"A horizontal shaft connects the end of the Descending Passage to the Subterranean Chamber, It has a length of 8.84 m, width of 85 cm and height of 91 - 95 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1468"},{"f":"a length of 8 84 m width of","a":"height","v":"85","u":"cm","o":"A horizontal shaft connects the end of the Descending Passage to the Subterranean Chamber, It has a length of 8.84 m, width of 85 cm and height of 91 - 95 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1469"},{"f":"m width of 85 cm and height of","a":"height","v":"91-95","u":"cm","o":"A horizontal shaft connects the end of the Descending Passage to the Subterranean Chamber, It has a length of 8.84 m, width of 85 cm and height of 91 - 95 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1470"},{"f":"royal cubit east-west with an approximate height of","a":"height","v":"4","u":"m","o":"Located about 27 m below base level, it measures roughly 16 royal cubit north-south by 27 royal cubit east-west, with an approximate height of 4 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1471"},{"f":"Subterranean Chamber blind corridor","a":"length (straight section)","v":"11","u":"m","o":"Opposing the entrance, a blind corridor runs straight south for 11 m and continues with a slight bend another 5.4 m, measuring about 0.75 m squared.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: +5.4 m, ~0.75 m square","id":"M1472"},{"f":"m and continues with a slight bend another","a":"base length/width","v":"5.4","u":"m","o":"Opposing the entrance, a blind corridor runs straight south for 11 m and continues with a slight bend another 5.4 m, measuring about 0.75 m squared.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1473"},{"f":"slight bend another 5 4 m measuring about","a":"base length/width","v":"0.75","u":"m","o":"Opposing the entrance, a blind corridor runs straight south for 11 m and continues with a slight bend another 5.4 m, measuring about 0.75 m squared.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1474"},{"f":"The uppermost part may have ancient origins about","a":"width","v":"2","u":"m","o":"The uppermost part may have ancient origins, about 2 m squared in width and 1.5 m in depth, diagonally aligned with the chamber.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1475"},{"f":"origins about 2 m squared in width and","a":"depth","v":"1.5","u":"m","o":"The uppermost part may have ancient origins, about 2 m squared in width and 1.5 m in depth, diagonally aligned with the chamber.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1476"},{"f":"Salt enlarged it to the depth of about","a":"depth","v":"3","u":"m","o":"Caviglia and Salt enlarged it to the depth of about 3 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1477"},{"f":"shaft to be sunk to a depth of","a":"depth","v":"50","u":"ft","o":"In 1837 Vyse directed the shaft to be sunk to a depth of 50 ft, in hopes of discovering the chamber encompassed by water that Herodotus alluded to.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1478"},{"f":"Grand Gallery? / passage","a":"width","v":"1.5","u":"m","o":"It is slightly narrower in width at about 1.5 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: antecedent unclear from sentence","id":"M1479"},{"f":"Subterranean Chamber pit (Perring)","a":"additional depth","v":"12","u":"m","o":"No chamber was discovered after Perring and his workers had spent one and a half years penetrating the bedrock to the then water level of the Nile, 12 m further down.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1480"},{"f":"Antechamber? items","a":"length (1st of three)","v":"1.57","u":"m","o":"They are 1.57 m, 1.67 m and 1 m long respectively.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: antecedent unclear","id":"M1481"},{"f":"Antechamber? items","a":"length (2nd of three)","v":"1.67","u":"m","o":"They are 1.57 m, 1.67 m and 1 m long respectively.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: antecedent unclear","id":"M1482"},{"f":"are 1 57 m 1 67 m and","a":"length","v":"1","u":"m","o":"They are 1.57 m, 1.67 m and 1 m long respectively.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1483"},{"f":"Well Shaft","a":"vertical drop","v":"50","u":"m","o":"The Well Shaft (also known as the Service Shaft or Vertical Shaft) links the lower end of the Grand Gallery to the bottom of the Descending Passage, about 50 m further down.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1484"},{"f":"Well Shaft","a":"height above base where bedrock hit","v":"5.7","u":"m","o":"It runs vertical at first for 8 m, then slightly angles southwards for about the same distance, until it hits bedrock approximately 5.7 m above the pyramid's base level.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1485"},{"f":"Well Shaft lower half","a":"inclination","v":"45","u":"deg","o":"The lower half of the Well Shaft goes through the bedrock at an angle of about 45° for 26.5 m before a steeper section, 9.5 m long, leads to its lowest point.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1486"},{"f":"Well Shaft lower half","a":"length","v":"26.5","u":"m","o":"The lower half of the Well Shaft goes through the bedrock at an angle of about 45° for 26.5 m before a steeper section, 9.5 m long, leads to its lowest point.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1487"},{"f":"for 26 5 m before a steeper section","a":"length","v":"9.5","u":"m","o":"The lower half of the Well Shaft goes through the bedrock at an angle of about 45° for 26.5 m before a steeper section, 9.5 m long, leads to its lowest point.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1488"},{"f":"Well Shaft final section","a":"length","v":"2.6","u":"m","o":"The final section of 2.6 m connects it to the Descending Passage, running almost horizontally.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1489"},{"f":"The passage is 2 royal cubit wide and","a":"height","v":"1.17","u":"m","o":"The passage is 2 royal cubit wide and 1.17 m high for most of its length, but near the chamber there is a step in the floor, after which the passage increases to 1.68 m high.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1490"},{"f":"the floor after which the passage increases to","a":"height","v":"1.68","u":"m","o":"The passage is 2 royal cubit wide and 1.17 m high for most of its length, but near the chamber there is a step in the floor, after which the passage increases to 1.68 m high.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1491"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber north shaft","a":"deviation turn","v":"45","u":"deg","o":"REF100 The northern shaft's angle of ascent fluctuates and at one point turns 45 degrees to avoid the Great Gallery.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1492"},{"f":"Queen's Chamber south shaft (Gantenbrink)","a":"robot climb length","v":"65","u":"m","o":"After a climb of 65 m, REF101 he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by a limestone \"door\" with two eroded copper \"handles\".","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1493"},{"f":"Grand Gallery","a":"vertical rise","v":"21","u":"m","o":"The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage towards the King's Chamber, extending from the 23rd to the 48th course (of stones), a rise of 21 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: 23rd to 48th course","id":"M1494"},{"f":"REF106 It is","a":"height","v":"8.6","u":"m","o":"REF106 It is 8.6 m high and 46.68 m long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1495"},{"f":"REF106 It is 8 6 m high and","a":"length","v":"46.68","u":"m","o":"REF106 It is 8.6 m high and 46.68 m long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1496"},{"f":"but after two courses at a height of","a":"height","v":"2.29","u":"m","o":"The base is 4 royal cubit wide, but after two courses – at a height of 2.29 m – the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 6 - 10 cm on each side.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1497"},{"f":"stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by","a":"base length/width","v":"6-10","u":"cm","o":"The base is 4 royal cubit wide, but after two courses – at a height of 2.29 m – the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 6 - 10 cm on each side.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1498"},{"f":"Big Void (ScanPyramids)","a":"length (minimum)","v":"30","u":"m","o":"REF109 REF110 Its length is at least 30 m and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1499"},{"f":"King's Chamber","a":"ceiling height","v":"5.8","u":"m","o":"Its flat ceiling is about 11 cubits and 5 digits (5.8 m) above the floor, formed by nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: DERIVED (INFERRED_SPECULATIVE): Petrie §55 ceiling 1921.6-1923.7 in minus floor 1691.4-1693.7 in ≈ 230 in ≈ 5.84 m; rounded 5.8 m","id":"M1500"},{"f":"nine slabs of stone weighing in total about","a":"mass","v":"400","u":"tons","o":"Its flat ceiling is about 11 cubits and 5 digits (5.8 m) above the floor, formed by nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1501"},{"f":"King's Chamber","a":"settlement","v":"2.5–5","u":"cm","o":"All the roof beams show cracks due to the chamber having settled 2.5–5 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1502"},{"f":"King's Chamber sarcophagus","a":"internal length","v":"198","u":"cm","o":"The internal dimensions of the sarcophagus are roughly 198 cm by 68 cm, the external 228 cm by 98 cm, with a height of 105 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: Petrie 78.06 in = 198.3 cm","id":"M1503"},{"f":"King's Chamber sarcophagus","a":"internal width","v":"68","u":"cm","o":"The internal dimensions of the sarcophagus are roughly 198 cm by 68 cm, the external 228 cm by 98 cm, with a height of 105 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: Petrie 26.81 in = 68.1 cm","id":"M1504"},{"f":"King's Chamber sarcophagus","a":"external length","v":"228","u":"cm","o":"The internal dimensions of the sarcophagus are roughly 198 cm by 68 cm, the external 228 cm by 98 cm, with a height of 105 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: Petrie 89.62 in = 227.6 cm","id":"M1505"},{"f":"King's Chamber sarcophagus","a":"external width","v":"98","u":"cm","o":"The internal dimensions of the sarcophagus are roughly 198 cm by 68 cm, the external 228 cm by 98 cm, with a height of 105 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: Petrie 38.50 in = 97.8 cm","id":"M1506"},{"f":"cm by 98 cm with a height of","a":"height","v":"105","u":"cm","o":"The internal dimensions of the sarcophagus are roughly 198 cm by 68 cm, the external 228 cm by 98 cm, with a height of 105 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1507"},{"f":"King's Chamber sarcophagus","a":"wall thickness","v":"15","u":"cm","o":"The walls have a thickness of about 15 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1508"},{"f":"King's Chamber air channels","a":"height above floor","v":"0.91","u":"m","o":"They face each other and are located approximately 0.91 m above the floor, 2.5 m from the eastern wall, with a width of 18 and 21 cm and a height of 14 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1509"},{"f":"King's Chamber air channels","a":"distance from east wall","v":"2.5","u":"m","o":"They face each other and are located approximately 0.91 m above the floor, 2.5 m from the eastern wall, with a width of 18 and 21 cm and a height of 14 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M1510"},{"f":"King's Chamber air channels","a":"width (larger)","v":"21","u":"cm","o":"They face each other and are located approximately 0.91 m above the floor, 2.5 m from the eastern wall, with a width of 18 and 21 cm and a height of 14 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: was mislabelled height; widths 18 and 21 cm, height 14 cm","id":"M1511"},{"f":"18 and 21 cm and a height of","a":"height","v":"14","u":"cm","o":"They face each other and are located approximately 0.91 m above the floor, 2.5 m from the eastern wall, with a width of 18 and 21 cm and a height of 14 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1512"},{"f":"Shafts","a":"bend magnitude","v":"20","u":"cm","o":"The idea that the shafts point towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies has been largely dismissed as the northern shaft follows a dog-leg course through the masonry and the southern shaft has a bend of approximately 20 cm, indicating no intention to have them point to any celestial objects.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: sentence truncated","id":"M1513"},{"f":"Pyramid Temple","a":"length N-S","v":"52.2","u":"m","o":"thumb|right|Remains of the basalt floor of the temple at the east foot of the pyramidThe Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 m north to south and 40 m east to west, has almost entirely disappeared.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: was mislabelled distance","id":"M1514"},{"f":"Pyramid Temple","a":"width E-W","v":"40","u":"m","o":"thumb|right|Remains of the basalt floor of the temple at the east foot of the pyramidThe Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 m north to south and 40 m east to west, has almost entirely disappeared.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: was mislabelled distance","id":"M1515"},{"f":"Tomb of Hetepheres I","a":"distance east of pyramid","v":"110","u":"m","o":"The tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, sister-wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu, lies 110 m east of the Great Pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: context distance","id":"M1516"},{"f":"covered with slabs of stone weighing up to","a":"mass","v":"15","u":"tons","o":"Two additional boat pits, long and rectangular in shape, were found south of the pyramid, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1517"},{"f":"were 1 224 pieces of wood the longest","a":"length","v":"23","u":"m","o":"Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood, the longest 23 m in length, the shortest 10 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1518"},{"f":"Khufu ship timbers","a":"shortest piece length","v":"10","u":"cm","o":"Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood, the longest 23 m in length, the shortest 10 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: longest 23 m","id":"M1519"},{"f":"The result is a cedar-wood boat","a":"length","v":"43.6","u":"m","o":"The result is a cedar-wood boat 43.6 m long, its timbers held together by ropes, which was originally housed in the Giza Solar boat museum, a special boat-shaped, air-conditioned museum beside the pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378503482 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1520"},{"f":"pyramid mortar","a":"lab date material (radiocarbon)","v":"charcoal, reed, wood from gypsum mortar","u":"text","o":"","unc":"","by":"Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project","yr":"1999","m":"derived","c":"Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project","pg":"","url":"https://archive.archaeology.org/9909/abstracts/pyramids.html","b":"S","bb":"","t":"LAB_RESULT","n":"1984 + 1995 sampling campaigns","id":"M2913"},{"f":"pyramid samples","a":"radiocarbon offset vs historical (1995)","v":"100-200 years older","u":"yr","o":"","unc":"","by":"Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project","yr":"1999","m":"derived","c":"Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project","pg":"","url":"https://archive.archaeology.org/9909/abstracts/pyramids.html","b":"S","bb":"","t":"LAB_RESULT","n":"attributed to old-wood effect (INTERPRETATION)","id":"M2914"},{"f":"pyramid samples","a":"radiocarbon offset vs historical (1984, Dyn 3-5 avg)","v":"374 years older","u":"yr","o":"","unc":"","by":"Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project","yr":"1999","m":"derived","c":"Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project","pg":"","url":"https://archive.archaeology.org/9909/abstracts/pyramids.html","b":"S","bb":"","t":"LAB_RESULT","n":"","id":"M2915"},{"f":"1995 samples","a":"radiocarbon scatter (single monument)","v":"~400","u":"yr","o":"","unc":"","by":"Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project","yr":"1999","m":"derived","c":"Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project","pg":"","url":"https://archive.archaeology.org/9909/abstracts/pyramids.html","b":"S","bb":"","t":"LAB_RESULT","n":"","id":"M2922"},{"f":"plateau","a":"groundwater table elevation (GPR+resistivity)","v":"13-18 (near Sphinx)","u":"m asl","o":"","unc":"","by":"Shallow geophysics, Giza groundwater (Geosci. Instrum. discussion)","yr":"2017","m":"as stated","c":"Shallow geophysics, Giza groundwater (Geosci. Instrum. discussion)","pg":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2017-48","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"nearest reported zone","id":"M3245"},{"f":"plateau","a":"magnetometry survey (overview)","v":"magnetic method applied around Khafre/Sphinx; values not available in abstract","u":"text","o":"","unc":"","by":"Geophysical research in the Pyramids area (De Gruyter)","yr":"2022","m":"derived","c":"Geophysical research in the Pyramids area (De Gruyter)","pg":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110761665-023","b":"S","bb":"","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"no numeric nT values reached; G1/G3 not covered by abstract","id":"M3249"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"King's Chamber coffer struck resonance","v":"439-440","u":"Hz","o":"","unc":"tuner resolution not stated","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"1995 (24 Feb)","m":"fist thump; Matrix tuner (lights on, fans running) [ch.8 The Giza Power Plant; quote W20DQ015]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM015; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3925"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"King's Chamber coffer resonance (Horn, via Dunn)","v":"438","u":"Hz","o":"","unc":"","by":"Paul Horn (reported by Dunn)","yr":"not stated","m":"Korg tuner (per Horn album booklet) [ch.8 The Giza Power Plant; quote W20DQ016]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM016; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3926"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"King's Chamber infrasound range (Danley, via Dunn)","v":"16 down to 1/2","u":"Hz","o":"","unc":"","by":"Tom Danley (reported by Dunn)","yr":"not stated","m":"Danley acoustic tests (data not published here) [ch.8 The Giza Power Plant; quote W20DQ017]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM017; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3927"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"QC south shaft: secondary echo path beyond \"door\" (Danley, via Dunn)","v":"~30","u":"ft","o":"","unc":"","by":"Tom Danley (reported by Dunn)","yr":"not stated","m":"acoustic time-of-flight device [ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator; quote W20DQ018]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM018; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3928"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"King's Chamber coffer saw overcut (Petrie quoted by Dunn)","v":"> .10","u":"in","o":"","unc":"","by":"W.M.F. Petrie via Dunn","yr":"1883","m":"Petrie inspection [ch.4 Advanced Machining in Ancient Egypt; quote W20DQ025]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.4 Advanced Machining in Ancient Egypt","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM025; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3931"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"casing-stone joint mean thickness / squareness variation (Petrie quoted by Dunn)","v":".020 joint; .010 on 75 in","u":"in","o":"","unc":"","by":"W.M.F. Petrie via Dunn","yr":"1883","m":"Petrie 1881-82 inspection [ch.3 Precision Unparalleled; quote W20DQ027]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM027; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3933"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"casing block mass (Dunn, reported)","v":"16-20","u":"tons","o":"","unc":"","by":"reported by Dunn","yr":"1998","m":"source not stated [ch.3 Precision Unparalleled; quote W20DQ028]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM028; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3934"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"King's Chamber granite ceiling mass (Petrie quoted)","v":"some 400","u":"tons","o":"","unc":"approx","by":"W.M.F. Petrie via Dunn","yr":"1883","m":"Petrie estimate [ch.2 Questions, Discovery; quote W20DQ029]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.2 Questions, Discovery","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM029; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3935"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"King's Chamber joint openings, 2nd course (Petrie quoted)","v":"N .19 (3 joints); E .14 (1); S .41 (5); W .38 (2); N-S width +.3 by crack","u":"in","o":"","unc":"","by":"W.M.F. Petrie via Dunn","yr":"1883","m":"Petrie survey [ch.2 Questions, Discovery; quote W20DQ030]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.2 Questions, Discovery","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM030; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3936"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"relieving-chamber granite beams: count and max mass","v":"43 beams; up to 70 tons each","u":"count; tons","o":"","unc":"","by":"reported by Dunn","yr":"1998","m":"source not stated [ch.9 The Mighty Crystal; quote W20DQ031]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM031; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3937"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"relieving-chamber beam length","v":"17 (= chamber width)","u":"ft","o":"","unc":"","by":"reported by Dunn","yr":"1998","m":"not stated [ch.9 The Mighty Crystal; quote W20DQ032]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM032; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3938"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"Aswan granite quartz content (Dunn, reported)","v":">= 55","u":"percent","o":"","unc":"","by":"reported by Dunn","yr":"1998","m":"source not stated [ch.9 The Mighty Crystal; quote W20DQ033]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM033; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3939"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"Grand Gallery (Smyth via Dunn): angle; height; overlaps; ceiling length","v":"26 17 37 deg; 333.9-346.0 in; 36 overlaps; 1,844.5 in","u":"deg; in","o":"","unc":"","by":"C. Piazzi Smyth via Dunn","yr":"1865","m":"Smyth 1865 survey (restated) [ch.9 The Mighty Crystal; quote W20DQ034]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM034; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3940"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"Grand Gallery roof-stone tilt differences (Smyth quoted)","v":"up to 12.1","u":"in","o":"","unc":"","by":"C. Piazzi Smyth via Dunn","yr":"1865","m":"measuring rod pushed against roof stones [ch.9 The Mighty Crystal; quote W20DQ035]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM035; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3941"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"plug-block face waviness (Petrie quoted)","v":"+/- .300","u":"in","o":"","unc":"","by":"W.M.F. Petrie via Dunn","yr":"1883","m":"Petrie visual (head between blocks) [ch.9 The Mighty Crystal; quote W20DQ036]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM036; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3942"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"King's Chamber north shaft cross-section (Dunn Table 3, citing Smyth p.416)","v":"8.4 W x 4.8 H","u":"in","o":"","unc":"","by":"C. 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Piazzi Smyth via Dunn","yr":"1867","m":"Smyth calculation [ch.8 The Giza Power Plant; quote W20DQ043]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM043; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3949"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"Great Pyramid height / mass / block count (Dunn, estimated)","v":"480.95 ft; 5,300,000 tons; 2,300,000 blocks","u":"ft; tons; count","o":"","unc":"estimate","by":"reported by Dunn","yr":"1998","m":"not stated [ch.3 Precision Unparalleled; quote W20DQ044]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM044; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3950"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"casing-stone flatness (restating Petrie)","v":"within 0.010","u":"in","o":"","unc":"restated; Petrie value is .010 on 75 in length","by":"W.M.F. 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Southeast corner, far","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0302","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4260 ± 80 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2850.37 ± 133.832 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. 2nd course, north sid","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0303","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4300 ± 90 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2940.31 ± 159.091 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. North side east face","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0304","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4245 ± 85 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2824.56 ± 134.974 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. 2nd course, north fac","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0305","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4355 ± 90 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -3040.11 ± 148.521 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. 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North side c20 from n","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0307","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4440 ± 90 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -3135.07 ± 137.109 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. West side northwest c","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0308","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4300 ± 85 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2939.08 ± 150.879 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. 65th course, west sid","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0309","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4420 ± 100 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -3117.49 ± 146.813 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. West side northwest c","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0311","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4395 ± 85 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -3088.77 ± 137.361 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. 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Southwest corner, 198","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0313","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"plant remains (reed)","v":"4330 ± 125 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2997.03 ± 198.306 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. Top platform southwes","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-0334","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4440 ± 320 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -3105.58 ± 409.981 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. Southwest corner, 198","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-13754","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"3980 ± 57 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2492.9 ± 95.8156 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; 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Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-13761","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"3928 ± 54 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2406.76 ± 85.2657 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; 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Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-13770","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4087 ± 53 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2668.48 ± 108.15 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; 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Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-13777","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4313 ± 57 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2954.55 ± 86.8308 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; 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Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-13782","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"3984 ± 55 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2499.99 ± 91.8908 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; 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Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-13785","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4083 ± 53 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2662.65 ± 108.882 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; 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Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-13799","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4128 ± 58 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2713.89 ± 98.4751 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; 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Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"ETH-13802","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4174 ± 61 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2747.21 ± 89.0489 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; 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Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"SMU-1417","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4359 ± 241 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -3017.02 ± 322.956 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. Southeast corner, far","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"SMU-1418","m":"14C (ETH AMS/conventional; SMU)","mat":"charcoal","v":"4258 ± 273 BP","cal":"IntChron modelled/cal mean -2880.64 ± 371.245 (calendar yr, negative=BC); Bonani 2001 weighted mean 2871-2604 cal BC; Dee et al. 2009 2620-2484 cal BC (95%)","ctx":"Pyramid of Khufu. Southeast corner, 5th","link":"organic inclusion in gypsum mortar between core blocks; dates the plant/wood, not the stone","weak":"old wood / inbuilt age of charcoal fuel (and possible recycled debris) makes dates older than the mortar","b":"S","url":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","n":"1984 series ETH-02xx/03xx/SMU; 1995 series ETH-137xx-139xx/42xx"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"Mortar organics","m":"radiocarbon AMS","v":"Dates ~ 4th Dynasty, avg. some decades-centuries older than historical (old-wood effect)","by":"Bonani et al. (Radiocarbon) 2001","b":"V","url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Over time, most of the smooth white limestone casing was removed, which lowered the pyramid's height to the current 138.5 m; what is seen today is the underlying core structure.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Other blocks were imported by boat on the Nile: white limestone from Tura for the casing, and blocks of granite from Aswan, weighing up to 80 tonnes, for the \"King's Chamber\" structure.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"The basalt blocks of the pyramid temple show \"clear evidence\" of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 ft in length.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle support and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil, cutting sand, emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks, which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"In one shaft Dixon discovered a ball of diorite, a bronze hook of unknown purpose and a piece of cedar wood.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"It contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu, which Kromer identified with an artisans' settlement.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482"}],"eng":[{"cl":"slope_angle","a":"Face angle, N casing in situ by theodolite (Petrie)","v":"51°46′45″ ± 2′ (weight 7)","u":"as published","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. 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The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Petrie sockets","v":"−3′20″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Cole 1925","v":"−2′28″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39 https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−2′30″ ± 23″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14 https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Dash 2015 platform (±)","v":"−2′56″ ± 24″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14 https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Nell & Ruggles casing foundation","v":"−0°03.6′","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Nell, E. & Ruggles, C. 2014. The orientations of the Giza pyramids and associated structures. JHA (arXiv:1302.5622) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5622","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side N — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−2.9","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2017. Occam's Egyptian Razor: the equinox and the alignment of the pyramids. JAEA 2 https://web.ujaen.es/investiga/egiptologia/journalarchitecture/downloads/JAEA2/JAEA2_Dash.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Petrie 1883 casing square","v":"−3′57″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Petrie core","v":"−5′26″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Petrie sockets","v":"−5′21″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Cole 1925","v":"−5′30″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39 https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−5′10″ ± 1′19″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14 https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Dash 2015 platform (±)","v":"−4′53″ ± 43″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14 https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Nell & Ruggles casing foundation","v":"−0°03.4′","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Nell, E. & Ruggles, C. 2014. The orientations of the Giza pyramids and associated structures. JHA (arXiv:1302.5622) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5622","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side E — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−3.4","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2017. Occam's Egyptian Razor: the equinox and the alignment of the pyramids. JAEA 2 https://web.ujaen.es/investiga/egiptologia/journalarchitecture/downloads/JAEA2/JAEA2_Dash.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Petrie 1883 casing square","v":"−3′41″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Petrie core","v":"−5′23″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Petrie sockets","v":"+1′15″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Cole 1925","v":"−1′57″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39 https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−3′35″ ± 38″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14 https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Dash 2015 platform (±)","v":"−2′45″ ± 1′0″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14 https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Nell & Ruggles casing foundation","v":"−0°00.5′","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Nell, E. & Ruggles, C. 2014. The orientations of the Giza pyramids and associated structures. JHA (arXiv:1302.5622) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5622","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side S — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−3.7","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2017. Occam's Egyptian Razor: the equinox and the alignment of the pyramids. JAEA 2 https://web.ujaen.es/investiga/egiptologia/journalarchitecture/downloads/JAEA2/JAEA2_Dash.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Petrie 1883 casing square","v":"−3′54″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Petrie core","v":"−5′39″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Petrie sockets","v":"−7′33″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Cole 1925","v":"−2′30″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39 https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−4′21″ ± 35″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14 https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Dash 2015 platform (±)","v":"−5′28″ ± 43″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14 https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Nell & Ruggles casing foundation","v":"−0°03.7′","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Nell, E. & Ruggles, C. 2014. The orientations of the Giza pyramids and associated structures. JHA (arXiv:1302.5622) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5622","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side W — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−4.6","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2017. Occam's Egyptian Razor: the equinox and the alignment of the pyramids. JAEA 2 https://web.ujaen.es/investiga/egiptologia/journalarchitecture/downloads/JAEA2/JAEA2_Dash.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Petrie 1883 casing square","v":"−3′43″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Petrie core","v":"−5′16″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Petrie sockets","v":"−3′45″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Cole 1925","v":"−3′06″","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39 https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Dash 2015 casing (±)","v":"−3′54″ ± 44″ (Dash text, p.10)","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14 https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"orientation_deviation_from_true_north","a":"Azimuth deviation side Mean — Lehner/Goodman (via Dash JAEA 2017, arc-min)","v":"−3.6","u":"arc (as published)","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dash, G. 2017. Occam's Egyptian Razor: the equinox and the alignment of the pyramids. JAEA 2 https://web.ujaen.es/investiga/egiptologia/journalarchitecture/downloads/JAEA2/JAEA2_Dash.pdf","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"slope_angle","a":"Descending passage altitude (slope)","v":"26°31′23″ ± 5″ (whole); 26°26′42″ ± 20″ (built part)","u":"as published","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7 http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html","b":"S","cr":""},{"cl":"slope_angle","a":"NFC: Slope","v":"Nagoya MC: −0.3 ± 1.5°; CEA: −1.9 (+7.2/−4.7)°","u":"as published","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0","b":"S","cr":""},{"cl":"plan_geometry","a":"Plan shape","v":"square","u":"—","m":"survey","c":"Petrie 1883 / Dash 2015 (imported)","b":"V","cr":""},{"cl":"unit_hypothesis","a":"Royal cubit","v":"~0.5236","u":"m","m":"fit to base 440 cubits (≈230.36 m /440)","c":"Petrie 1883 (via imported base sides); cubit rods (e.g., Maya cubit rod, Louvre)","b":"S","cr":"Base/440 is a fit, consistent with excavated cubit rods 0.52-0.53 m; numerological pi/phi claims follow from seked 5½ choice"},{"cl":"tool_marks","a":"Tubular drill cores / saw marks in granite","v":"present (Petrie 1883 ch. on mechanical methods)","u":"—","m":"observation","c":"Petrie 1883; Stocks 2003/2022 Experiments in Egyptian Archaeology doi:10.4324/9781003269922","b":"V","cr":"Stocks replicated copper tube + sand abrasive drilling and sawing; Petrie had proposed jewelled drills"}],"ori":[{"k":"geodetic/stellar (cardinal)","v":"Sides oriented to true north within ~3-4 arcmin","by":"Petrie 1883; Cole 1925; Dash 2017; Nell & Ruggles 2014","b":"V","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5622","n":"Imported rows give exact azimuths; best-established alignment in DB","t":"INTERPRETATION"},{"k":"stellar (method)","v":"Orientation via simultaneous transit of two circumpolar stars; error tracks date","by":"Spence 2000 Nature 408:320","b":"S","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/35042510","n":"Hypothesis of method; contested (e.g., solar/gnomon methods)","t":"INTERPRETATION"}],"gaps":[{"a":"construction_phases","r":"no phase sequence in sources opened"}],"dat":[{"v":"Built under Khufu, c. 2600-2500 BC","lab":"LR rows: 46 charcoal/reed dates from mortar (ETH, SMU)","chain":"King list + workers' graffiti name Khufu; mortar organics give 14C ages; calibrated means 2871-2604 BC (Bonani 2001) or 2620-2484 BC (Dee 2009)","weak":"old-wood offset: charcoal older than mortar (dates scatter ~400 yr in 1995 series)","alt":"Alternative builders/older core: no lab result supports; 1984 offset ~350 yr explained by old wood","b":"S","url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558 ; https://aeraweb.org/projects/how-old-are-the-pyramids/"}],"aa":[{"id":"AA001","a":"base precision / orientation / construction date","who":"Hancock 1995; Dunn 1998; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant 1998; Bauval/Hancock; Schoch (Sphinx erosion); ScanPyramids; Edgar Cayce Foundation (funded 1984 test)","main":"achievable with cords, water levelling, stellar sighting; mortar 14C ~2600 BCE","ms":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558 ; AERA https://www.aeraweb.org [Tallet primary not opened] ; https://archive.archaeology.org/9909/abstracts/pyramids.html","st":"contradicted","n":"precision real (cm on 230 m) but within Bronze Age methods; date claim contradicted by 14C | W20D W20DN008 (Dunn, advocate; status for this sub-claim: contradicted): Pyramid was a power plant / maser / hydrogen generator - Merge with AA001 / C002 (contradicted). Interpretive. | W20D W20DN012 (Dunn, advocate; status for this sub-claim: supported-explained): Casing square & flat to 1/100 in over 35 sq ft (optician-grade) - Precision real but Dunn converts Petrie linear figure to an area claim (W20DP001). Merge AA001. | W21L W21LN007 (Dunn 2010, advocate; sub-claim status supported-explained): Saw cuts ~0.23 in wide; drag-saw rates (Moores) impossible - Sawing with copper + sand is replicated (slow: Dunn computes 6,270 h for Khafre box from Stocks). Dispute is speed/labour, not possibility.","nl":159},{"id":"AA002","a":"hidden chamber of unknown purpose","who":"Hancock 1995; Dunn 1998; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant 1998; Bauval/Hancock; Schoch (Sphinx erosion); ScanPyramids; Edgar Cayce Foundation (funded 1984 test)","main":"construction space hypotheses","ms":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558 ; AERA https://www.aeraweb.org [Tallet primary not opened] ; https://archive.archaeology.org/9909/abstracts/pyramids.html","st":"unresolved","n":"void VERIFIED, function unknown","nl":48},{"id":"AA276","a":"Shaft 8.4 x 4.8 in = hydrogen-line waveguide (8.309 in)","who":"Christopher Dunn (ch.10, Table 3 citing Smyth)","main":"Petrie: KC N shaft width 8.9-9.2 (mean 9.0), height 8.72/8.74 in (DB M0169)","ms":"W20DS03","st":"contradicted","n":"Petrie measured height ~8.7 in, not 4.8; waveguide ratio (H ~ W/2) fails on measured data. Also S shaft 8.35/8.65 W x 8.7-8.9 H (M0170).","nl":"1"},{"id":"AA277","a":"Coffer resonates ~438-440 Hz as power-plant component","who":"Christopher Dunn (ch.8); Paul Horn","main":"Any struck granite box has natural frequencies; no mainstream study opened","ms":"W20DS01","st":"unresolved","n":"Fist-thump with consumer tuner, lights/fans on; Dunn himself said data unusable for RF. No DB evidence.","nl":"1"},{"id":"AA278","a":"Salts are products of hot hydrogen-bearing gas reacting with limestone","who":"Christopher Dunn (ch.11), citing Flanagan 1978","main":"No mainstream analysis in DB; limestone efflorescence is the usual reading (not opened this wave)","ms":"W20DS01","st":"no data","n":"Flanagan/Arizona report not opened; no DB row.","nl":"1"},{"id":"AA279","a":"Door is a misnomer; copper fittings functional","who":"Christopher Dunn (ch.11)","main":"Djedi 2011 camera: shaft ~210 mm square; behind block a small chamber with ochre marks (DB M0385-M0387)","ms":"W20DS07","st":"unresolved","n":"Merge DB M0177 [unverified Gantenbrink lengths]. Dunn \"about nine inches square\" ~229 mm vs Djedi ~210 mm.","nl":"1"},{"id":"AA281","a":"Expansion and cracked beams from power-plant malfunction","who":"Christopher Dunn (ch.2, ch.12)","main":"Petrie: earthquake/settlement; joint openings .14-.41 in (Petrie via Dunn)","ms":"W20DS01","st":"unresolved","n":"No DB evidence on cause.","nl":"1"}],"ac":[{"v":"Precision (base level, squareness, orientation) is beyond Bronze Age capability","who":"Hancock 1995; Dunn 1998","url":"[claimant books]","b":"I","ce":"Measured errors are real but finite (cm-scale on 230 m; arcmin orientation); achievable with cords, water-levelling, star sightings (Lehner 1997; Dash)"},{"v":"Pyramid was a power plant / machine","who":"Dunn, The Giza Power Plant 1998","url":"[claimant]","b":"I","ce":"No residues, wiring, or mechanism; chambers contain sarcophagus and relieving chambers with crew graffiti | W20DN008: Dunn power-plant/maser thesis restated (book); waveguide claim fails on Petrie shaft heights (W20DN006); see source_discrepancies W20DP*"},{"v":"Built c. 10,500 BCE or older","who":"Bauval/Hancock; Schoch (Sphinx erosion)","url":"[claimant]","b":"I","ce":"Radiocarbon of mortar (Bonani 2001) ~2600 BCE; Wadi al-Jarf papyri (Merer) log Tura stone transport under Khufu"},{"v":"Big Void is a hidden chamber of unknown purpose","who":"ScanPyramids","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576","b":"V","ce":"The void is VERIFIED by 3 muon methods; its function is open (construction space hypothesis common)"},{"v":"pyramids predate dynastic Egypt (10,500 BC)","who":"Edgar Cayce Foundation (funded 1984 test)","url":"https://archive.archaeology.org/9909/abstracts/pyramids.html","b":"I","ce":"radiocarbon 100-374 yr older than historical, not millennia"}],"me":[{"v":"Built c. 2560 BCE by Khufu's state workforce of ~ tens of thousands in rotation, using on-plateau limestone quarries, Tura casing and Aswan granite shipped on canals, ramps, sledges on wetted surfaces and copper/stone tools.","ev":"Workers' town and bakeries (Lehner/AERA Heit el-Ghurab); workers' tombs (Hawass); Wadi al-Jarf papyri (Tallet 2013) logging Tura limestone for Akhet-Khufu; quarry cuts; crew graffiti in relieving chambers naming Khufu (Vyse 1837); mortar C14 (Bonani 2001)","s":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558 ; AERA https://www.aeraweb.org [Tallet primary not opened]"},{"v":"Dynasty 4, old-wood offset","ev":"Koch Radiocarbon Project","s":"https://archive.archaeology.org/9909/abstracts/pyramids.html"}],"ci":[{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"The Giza Power Plant (2011 ed.), ch.3 Precision Unparalleled [quote W20DQ045]","v":"Built to tolerances matching modern opticians; implies machine-age standards","b":"S","s":["W20DS01"]},{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"The Giza Power Plant (2011 ed.), ch.8 The Giza Power Plant [quote W20DQ052]","v":"Pyramid was a power plant coupled to Earth vibration","b":"S","s":["W20DS01"]},{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"The Giza Power Plant (2011 ed.), ch.8 The Giza Power Plant [quote W20DQ053]","v":"Chamber resonates; infrasound source is the Earth, not wind","b":"S","s":["W20DS01"]},{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"The Giza Power Plant (2011 ed.), ch.10 An Amazing Maser [quote W20DQ054]","v":"Quartz-rich granite beams convert vibration to electricity; gallery held resonators","b":"S","s":["W20DS01"]},{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"The Giza Power Plant (2011 ed.), ch.10 An Amazing Maser [quote W20DQ055]","v":"Hydrogen maser: north shaft is a waveguide sized to the 1,420 MHz hydrogen line","b":"S","s":["W20DS01"]},{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"The Giza Power Plant (2011 ed.), ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator [quote W20DQ056]","v":"Hydrogen generator; salts are reaction products of hot hydrogen-bearing gas","b":"S","s":["W20DS01"]},{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"The Giza Power Plant (2011 ed.), ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator [quote W20DQ057]","v":"Door is a misnomer; fittings were functional (not lifting stops)","b":"S","s":["W20DS01"]},{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"The Giza Power Plant (2011 ed.), ch.12 Meltdown [quote W20DQ058]","v":"Cracked beams and chamber expansion from a power-plant malfunction, not an earthquake","b":"S","s":["W20DS01"]}],"cq":[{"id":"W20DQ015","th":"King's Chamber coffer struck resonance","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","q":"I thumped the side of the box with my fist. The tuner registered between 439 and 440 Hz.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ016","th":"King's Chamber coffer resonance (Horn, via Dunn)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","q":"the granite box resonated at a frequency of 438 cycles per second (Hz).","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ017","th":"King's Chamber infrasound range (Danley, via Dunn)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","q":"They are there in frequencies that range from 16 Hertz down to 1/2 Hertz","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ018","th":"QC south shaft: secondary echo path beyond \"door\" (Danley, via Dunn)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator","q":"the sound wave traveled another thirty feet before bouncing back to the source.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ025","th":"King's Chamber coffer saw overcut (Petrie quoted by Dunn)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.4 Advanced Machining in Ancient Egypt","q":"having cut out more than .10 inch deeper than they had intended.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ027","th":"casing-stone joint mean thickness / squareness variation (Petrie quoted by Dunn)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","q":"Hence the mean thickness of the joints is .020","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ028","th":"casing block mass (Dunn, reported)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","q":"The casing blocks were reported to weigh between sixteen and twenty tons each","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ029","th":"King's Chamber granite ceiling mass (Petrie quoted)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.2 Questions, Discovery","q":"the whole of the granite ceiling (weighing some 400 tons)","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ030","th":"King's Chamber joint openings, 2nd course (Petrie quoted)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.2 Questions, Discovery","q":"3 joints opened on N. side, total =.19","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ031","th":"relieving-chamber granite beams: count and max mass","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","q":"a total of forty-three beams weighing up to seventy tons each.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ032","th":"relieving-chamber beam length","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","q":"the giant granite beams above the King's Chamber have a length of seventeen feet","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ033","th":"Aswan granite quartz content (Dunn, reported)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","q":"contains fifty-five percent or more quartz crystal.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ034","th":"Grand Gallery (Smyth via Dunn): angle; height; overlaps; ceiling length","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","q":"the height of the Grand Gallery is between 333.9 inches and 346.0 inches","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ035","th":"Grand Gallery roof-stone tilt differences (Smyth quoted)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","q":"differences were found to so great an extent as 12.1 inches","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ036","th":"plug-block face waviness (Petrie quoted)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","q":"being wavy about plus or minus .300 inch.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ037","th":"King's Chamber north shaft cross-section (Dunn Table 3, citing Smyth p.416)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.10 An Amazing Maser","q":"Width of Northern Shaft leading to King's Chamber4","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ038","th":"hydrogen line wavelength (Dunn Table 3 calc)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.10 An Amazing Maser","q":"Wavelength of hydrogen microwave energy","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ039","th":"Queen's Chamber shafts terminate before chamber wall","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator","q":"terminated five inches from the inside wall of the chamber","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ040","th":"Queen's Chamber wall salt encrustation thickness","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator","q":"It was up to one-half-inch thick in places","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ041","th":"Queen's Chamber salt composition (Flanagan sample, via Dunn)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator","q":"a mixture of calcium carbonate (limestone), sodium chloride (halite or salt), and calcium sulfate (gypsum","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ042","th":"QC south shaft size (Gantenbrink, via Dunn)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator","q":"the shaft itself is only about nine inches square.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ043","th":"Great Pyramid mass (Smyth \"pyramid tons\", restated as tons)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","q":"Smyth calculated the weight of the Great Pyramid to be 5,273,834 pyramid tons","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ044","th":"Great Pyramid height / mass / block count (Dunn, estimated)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","q":"The estimated height of the Great Pyramid is 480.95 feet.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ045","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","q":"tolerances that modern opticians would be hard-pressed to match","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ052","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","q":"we may be able set into motion 5,273,834 tons of stone!","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ053","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","q":"the most likely source for the infrasonic sound within the King's Chamber is the Earth itself.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ054","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.10 An Amazing Maser","q":"creating high-frequency radio waves","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ055","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.10 An Amazing Maser","q":"this waveguide leading to the chamber has dimensions that closely approximate the wavelength ofmicrowaveenergy","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ056","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator","q":"These are precisely the minerals that would be produced by the reaction of hot, hydrogen-bearing gas","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ057","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.11 A Hydrogen Generator","q":"The so-called \"door,\" I believe, is a misnomer.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ058","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.12 Meltdown","q":"Perhaps the coffer was originally red","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ059","th":"petrie_text","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","q":"is but .010 on length of 75 inches up the face","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ060","th":"dunn_restatement","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","q":"with a mean variation of 1/100 inch (.010) over an area of thirty-five square feet.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ071","th":"dunn_restatement","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.10 An Amazing Maser","q":"Height of Northern Shaft leading to King's Chamber5","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ073","th":"dunn_restatement","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","q":"he noted that the adjoining faces of the blocks were not flat but had a wavy finish","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ074","th":"dunn_restatement","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.2 Questions, Discovery","q":"Why are there five superimposed layers of monolithic seventy-ton granite beams?","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ075","th":"dunn_restatement","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","q":"we may be able set into motion 5,273,834 tons of stone!","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ016","th":"casing-stone flatness (restating Petrie)","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.140 (pdf 184)","q":"the casing stones, while flat within 0.010 inch (0.254 millimeter), are certainly not opti cally precise","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ031","th":"basalt pavement saw-cut width","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.263 (pdf 307)","q":"the basalt pavement are approximately 0.23 inch","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ065","th":"restating Petrie","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.140 (pdf 184)","q":"This is a slight exaggeration by Sir William","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ083","th":"discrepancy","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.140 (pdf 184)","q":"This is a slight exaggeration by Sir William","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"}],"sd":[{"id":"W20DP001","topic":"casing precision basis","pv":".010 in variation on 75 in up the face (linear; derived from joints)","ps":"W20DS02","dv":"1/100 in over an area of 35 sq ft; blocks \"square and flat\"","dl":"ch.3 Precision Unparalleled","sev":"major","who":"Christopher Dunn","s":["W20DS01","W20DS02"]},{"id":"W20DP007","topic":"KC north shaft cross-section","pv":"Petrie: width 8.9-9.2 (mean 9.0), height 8.72/8.74 in (DB M0169)","ps":"W20DS03","dv":"Table 3: 8.4 W x 4.8 H in, cited to Smyth p.416 not Petrie","dl":"ch.10 An Amazing Maser","sev":"major (source disagreement; drives maser claim)","who":"Christopher Dunn","s":["W20DS01","W20DS03"]},{"id":"W20DP009","topic":"plug-block waviness","pv":"\"wavy about plus or minus .300 inch\" (Petrie as quoted)","ps":"W20DS01","dv":"paraphrase \"+/- .3 inches\" (faces \"not flat\")","dl":"ch.9 The Mighty Crystal","sev":"none (match)","who":"Christopher Dunn","s":["W20DS01"]},{"id":"W20DP010","topic":"KC ceiling mass","pv":"\"some 400 tons\" (Petrie quote)","ps":"W20DS01","dv":"elsewhere \"seventy-ton granite beams\" x 43 (no Petrie source)","dl":"ch.2 Questions, Discovery","sev":"minor (Dunn figure unsourced; 400 t for 9 ceiling slabs per DB M1501)","who":"Christopher Dunn","s":["W20DS01"]},{"id":"W20DP011","topic":"Great Pyramid mass unit","pv":"Smyth: 5,273,834 \"pyramid tons\"","ps":"W20DS01","dv":"ch.6/ch.8 restate as plain \"tons\"","dl":"ch.8 The Giza Power Plant","sev":"minor (unit slip; Smyth not Petrie)","who":"Christopher Dunn","s":["W20DS01"]},{"id":"W21LP005","topic":"casing precision","pv":".010 in on 75 in length (W20D W20DP001; DB AA001/C001)","ps":"W21LS03","dv":"\"flat within 0.010 inch\"; now calls Petrie's optician remark \"a slight exaggeration\" (GPP used it as support)","dl":"Dunn 2010 p.140","sev":"moderate (reversal vs GPP)","who":"Christopher Dunn","s":["W21LS01","W21LS03"]}],"sub":[],"site":{"age":"c. 2560 BCE (4th Dyn.)","dm":"King-list chronology + radiocarbon on mortar organics (Bonani et al. 2001) + workers' graffiti naming Khufu","lab":"YES: 46 lab_results rows (organic samples; none date stone working directly)","weak":"date applies to the sampled organic/associated material, not the stone; association with construction is assumed","unesco":"","dens":"DENSE"},"co":{"lat":"29.9792","lon":"31.1342","src":"Wikidata P625 only + curated wave0 value agrees","agree":"agree","b":"V","note":"two independent sources agree; max delta 0.0000 deg (~0.00 km)","osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/4420397"},"src":[{"id":"S0006","t":"Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","u":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html"},{"id":"S0654","t":"Cole, J.H. 1925. Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Survey of Egypt Paper 39","u":"https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html"},{"id":"S0741","t":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","u":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"Dash, G. 2015. The Great Pyramid's Footprint: Results from our 2015 Survey. AERAGRAM 16(2):8-14","u":"https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/AERAgram_16-2.pdf ; https://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/cole2.html"},{"id":"S0001","t":"Dash, G. 2012. New Angles on the Great Pyramid. AERAGRAM 13(2)","u":"http://dashfoundation.org/downloads/archaeology/as-published/AG13-2_New_Angles-lo-res.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"—","u":"—"},{"id":"S0772","t":"Procureur, S. et al. 2023. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid... Nat. Commun. 14:1144","u":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0"},{"id":"S0030","t":"Nell, E. & Ruggles, C. 2014. The orientations of the Giza pyramids and associated structures. JHA (arXiv:1302.5622)","u":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5622"},{"id":"S0680","t":"Dash, G. 2017. Occam's Egyptian Razor: the equinox and the alignment of the pyramids. JAEA 2","u":"https://web.ujaen.es/investiga/egiptologia/journalarchitecture/downloads/JAEA2/JAEA2_Dash.pdf"},{"id":"S0007","t":"Petrie 1883, Ch.7","u":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html"},{"id":"S0672","t":"Univ. of Leeds, Djedi project page","u":"https://robotics.leeds.ac.uk/case-studies/djedi-robot-archaeological-expedition/"},{"id":"S0648","t":"Klemm, R. & Klemm, D.D. 2010. The Stones of the Pyramids","u":"https://gizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu/documents/klemm-klemm_stones_gizeh.pdf"},{"id":"S0051","t":"Bonani, G. et al. 2001. Radiocarbon dates of Old and Middle Kingdom monuments in Egypt. Radiocarbon 43(3)","u":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558"},{"id":"S0639","t":"Harrell, J.A. (UEE) building stones","u":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt3fd124g0/qt3fd124g0.pdf"},{"id":"S0770","t":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid... Nature 552:386-390","u":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24647"},{"id":null,"t":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid... Nature 552:386-390","u":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24647 ; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36351-0"},{"id":"S0029","t":"Morishima, K. et al. 2017. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. arXiv:1711.01576v2 (pre-submission manuscript of Nature 552:386-390, doi:10.1038/nature24647)","u":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01576"},{"id":"S0742","t":"Richardson, R. et al. 2013. The 'Djedi' robot exploration of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. J. Field Robotics 30(3):323-348, doi:10.1002/rob.21451 (author-hosted PDF)","u":"https://www.arjunnagendran.com/uploads/3/3/9/9/3399323/djedi_field_robotics.pdf"},{"id":"S0024","t":"Vyse, H. 1840. Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, vol. 2 (incl. Appendix with Perring's dimensions). London: Fraser","u":"https://archive.org/details/operationscarri00vysegoog"},{"id":"S0303","t":"no inline ref in article","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=1378503482"},{"id":null,"t":"Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project","u":"https://archive.archaeology.org/9909/abstracts/pyramids.html"},{"id":null,"t":"Shallow geophysics, Giza groundwater (Geosci. Instrum. discussion)","u":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2017-48"},{"id":null,"t":"Geophysical research in the Pyramids area (De Gruyter)","u":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110761665-023"},{"id":"W20DS01","t":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","u":"file:books/upload4.epub"},{"id":null,"t":"W21LS01;W21LS03; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","u":"file:books/upload5.pdf ; http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html"},{"id":"W21LS01","t":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","u":"file:books/upload5.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558","u":"https://intchron.org/egyptdb/record/Giza_Khufu_Pyramid ; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558"},{"id":"S0053","t":"Spence 2000 Nature 408:320","u":"https://doi.org/10.1038/35042510"},{"id":null,"t":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558 ; https://aeraweb.org/projects/how-old-are-the-pyramids/","u":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038558 ; https://aeraweb.org/projects/how-old-are-the-pyramids/"},{"id":null,"t":"[claimant books]","u":"[claimant books]"},{"id":null,"t":"[claimant]","u":"[claimant]"},{"id":"W20DS02","t":"W.M.F. Petrie, Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh 1883, ch. \"The Mechanical Methods of the Pyramid Builders\", as reprinted in Dunn Appendix A","u":"file:books/upload4.epub"},{"id":"W20DS03","t":"Petrie 1883 Ch.7 (Great Pyramid interior) - via existing DB rows M0148/M0169/M0170/M0172 (DB source S0007; not re-fetched)","u":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html"},{"id":"W21LS03","t":"Petrie 1883 Ch.7/casing - via existing DB rows (M0172 etc.; not re-fetched)","u":"http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c7.html"},{"id":"VGIZ-G1-1","t":"Spence 2000, Nature: Ancient Egyptian chronology and the astronomical orientation of pyramids","u":"https://www.nature.com/articles/35042510"},{"id":"VGIZ-G1-3","t":"Archaeology Magazine 2022: Journeys of the Pyramid Builders (Wadi el-Jarf papyri)","u":"https://archaeology.org/issues/july-august-2022/features/egypt-wadi-el-jarf-port-papyri/"},{"id":"VGIZ-G1-4","t":"Open Archaeology 2023 (doi 10.1515/opar-2022-0317)","u":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0317"},{"id":null,"t":"Petrie, W. M. F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, ch. 6 (base, azimuth, angle) and casing joints.","u":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924012038927"},{"id":null,"t":"Tallet, P. & Marouard, G. 2014. The Harbor of Khufu on the Red Sea Coast at Wadi al-Jarf, Egypt. Near Eastern Archaeology 77(1): 4–14 (free copy on the project’s research blog).","u":"https://amers.hypotheses.org/files/2015/02/neareastarch.77.1.0004-libre.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"University of Aberdeen. 16 Dec 2020. “Missing 5,000-year-old piece of Great Pyramid puzzle discovered in cigar box in Aberdeen.” News release.","u":"https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/14573/"},{"id":null,"t":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur” (list entry 86, inscribed 1979, consulted 31 Oct 2026).","u":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/86/"},{"id":null,"t":"Wikipedia, “Great Pyramid of Giza” (consulted 31 Oct 2026). Used last, only where the sources above do not carry the point.","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza"},{"id":null,"t":"Wikipedia, “Diary of Merer” (consulted 31 Oct 2026), summarising Tallet 2017. Used last, only where the sources above do not carry the point.","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_Merer"},{"id":null,"t":"Wikipedia, “Orion correlation theory” (consulted 31 Oct 2026), summarising Bauval 1989, Bauval & Gilbert 1994, Krupp 1997 and Fairall 1999. Used last, only where the sources above do not carry the point.","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_correlation_theory"}],"sum":"At the end of 2019 a curatorial assistant at the University of Aberdeen, Abeer Eladany, opened a cigar tin in the university's Asia collection and found a piece of cedar that had been missing for more than seventy years. It had come out of the Great Pyramid. In 1872 an engineer named Waynman Dixon chiselled into the walls of the so-called Queen's Chamber and found two narrow shafts sealed at both ends, and inside them a stone ball, a copper hook and this sliver of wood. It reached Aberdeen in 1946 and was never catalogued. When it was finally radiocarbon dated, the result, announced in December 2020, was 3341 to 3094 BC, some five hundred years older than the king for whom the pyramid was built. The university's head of museums, Neil Curtis, offered ordinary explanations: wood from the heart of a long-lived tree, or scarce timber reused for generations. Both may be right. The point is that even the plainest object from inside the most studied building on Earth could still walk out of a drawer carrying a question.\n\nThe Great Pyramid stands on the Giza plateau west of Cairo, the largest of the three pyramids there. Its builders called it Akhet Khufu, the Horizon of Khufu, after the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who commissioned it around 2600 BC; by one common account it was finished by about 2560 BC. It was designed as a true pyramid 280 Egyptian cubits high, about 146.6 metres, on a square base of 440 cubits, about 230 metres a side. That is a building taller than a forty-storey tower on a footprint wider than two football pitches laid end to end. Its volume is about 2.6 million cubic metres, built from an estimated 2.3 million blocks weighing some 6 million tonnes. For more than 3,700 years nothing made by human hands stood taller, and UNESCO calls it the only surviving wonder of the ancient world.\n\nThe core is local Giza limestone. The chambers are Aswan granite, brought from more than 900 kilometres upriver, and the roof of the King's Chamber rests on granite beams estimated at 25 to 80 tonnes each, the heaviest as much as two fully loaded lorries. The outer skin, now mostly stripped away, was fine white limestone from Tura, across the Nile.\n\nWhat astonishes people is not the size but the precision. Between 1880 and 1882 the surveyor Flinders Petrie triangulated the pyramid with instruments he partly built himself. Along the casing line, the four sides came out at 230.320 metres on the shortest and 230.365 on the longest. Over a run longer than two football pitches, they disagree by about 4.6 centimetres, the width of a hand. Petrie found the casing joints averaged about half a millimetre and judged the flatness of the faces \"equal to most modern opticians' straight-edges of such a length.\" And the sides face the four cardinal directions with an average error of 3 minutes 43 seconds of arc. J. H. Cole, who in 1925 dug out the casing line on the pavement, found the sides turned only about 2 to 5½ arcminutes from true north, under a tenth of a degree.\n\nThere is a quiet caution inside those numbers. Cole measured the same base and got sides that differ by about 20 centimetres, not 4.6. The engineer Glen Dash, in 2015, gave an average side of 230.363 metres with margins of several centimetres either way. The precision is real, but part of its legend belongs to the people doing the measuring, and to which stones they chose to trust.\n\nWho built it is, by now, about as secure as anything in ancient history, and the evidence is the builders' own. In 1837 explorers blasted into four low spaces stacked above the King's Chamber. Their walls carry red-paint marks left by work gangs, with names such as \"The gang, The white crown of Khnum-Khufu is powerful,\" and Khufu's name occurs more than a dozen times, in spaces never meant to be seen. In 2013 a French-Egyptian team at Wadi al-Jarf on the Red Sea found papyrus rolls written by an inspector named Merer, the oldest inscribed papyri ever found in Egypt. His logbook covers several months in Khufu's 27th year, ferrying white limestone from the Tura quarries to Giza by boat, a trip of about four days, to a harbour basin at the foot of the plateau. The excavators first put his crew at about 200 men; a later full edition counts about forty boatmen under him. The papyri even name Khufu's half-brother Ankhhaf as an overseer. Radiocarbon dates from 46 mortar samples point the same way, calibrating to 2871 to 2604 BC, or 2620 to 2484 BC in a reanalysis, with old wood in the mortar tending to pull them early.\n\nThe mainstream picture fits that evidence. A state workforce of tens of thousands, working in rotation and fed from bakeries in a workers' town, quarried limestone on the plateau, shipped casing and granite by water, and moved blocks on ramps and sledges over wetted ground with copper and stone tools. Here the political layer is plain. A king who could feed, house and direct such a labour force for years was not only building a tomb. He was showing his country, and every rival on its borders, what the state could command.\n\nAnd yet the logbook says nothing about the harder feat, and neither does anything else. No Egyptian survey plan of a pyramid has survived, and no compass. Egyptologists have methods that work. Kate Spence proposed that the builders waited for the moment when two stars, Kochab and Mizar, hung in one vertical line, a method whose small error would drift with the date. Dash showed that tracking a rod's shadow on the autumn equinox gives true north with a slight anticlockwise error, the same twist he measured at Khufu, Khafre and the Red Pyramid. Several methods fit the stones. Nothing the builders left tells us which one they used.\n\nThe building is not finished giving up its interior. In 2017 the ScanPyramids team used muons, particles made by cosmic rays that pass through stone, and reported a void above the Grand Gallery at least 30 metres long, \"the first major inner structure found in the Great Pyramid since the nineteenth century.\" They were candid that there is \"currently no information about the intended purpose of this void.\" In 2023 a second study confirmed a corridor about 1.85 metres high behind the gabled blocks above the north entrance. In 1993 Rudolf Gantenbrink's robot climbed 65 metres up the southern Queen's Chamber shaft and found it blocked by a limestone slab with two copper fittings. In 2011 a camera sent through a hole in that slab saw red-painted marks behind it, one read by the researcher Luca Miatello as \"121,\" the shaft's length in cubits.\n\nOther readers have gone further. In 1989 Robert Bauval proposed that the three Giza pyramids mirror the three stars of Orion's Belt, and with Graham Hancock tied the plan to a date around 10,500 BC. The astronomers Ed Krupp and Tony Fairall found the angles do not match well, and the dating evidence points firmly to Khufu's reign. But the questions that remain are not fringe questions. Fourth Dynasty tombs were normally decorated, yet the pyramid's inner walls are blank apart from the gang marks. The shafts that rise from both upper chambers toward the sky, the void, the slab and what lies beyond it are still unexplained.\n\nThe king's great house was left without a word inside, aligned to the sky more finely than many modern buildings, and still holding rooms no one has entered. If one of the most measured structures on the planet could keep a 30-metre void to itself until 2017, what else did its builders know that they chose not to write down?","qs":["Several methods could find north this precisely. Which one fits the stones best, and what would it tell us about how the builders watched the sky?","Merer's logbook records boat runs, not engineering. Why would a state that could build this leave no written plan of how it was done?","Petrie and Cole measured the same base and got different numbers. How much of the pyramid's famous precision belongs to the builders, and how much to the people measuring it?"],"gal":[{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_-_Pyramid_of_Khufu.jpg/1280px-Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_-_Pyramid_of_Khufu.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_-_Pyramid_of_Khufu.jpg","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza - Pyramid of Khufu.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","by":"Douwe C. van der Zee","cap":"Pyramid of Khufu - May 2023"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/1280px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg","title":"All Gizah Pyramids.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 2.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","by":"Ricardo Liberato","cap":"All Giza Pyramids in one shot."},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chambre-reine-kheops.jpg/1280px-Chambre-reine-kheops.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chambre-reine-kheops.jpg","title":"Chambre-reine-kheops.jpg","lic":"CC BY 2.5","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5","by":"MONNIER Franck (monnierfranck@hotmail.com)","cap":"Isometric view of the Queen's chamber in the pyramid of Cheops"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cheops-Pyramid%40Eingaenge.JPG/1280px-Cheops-Pyramid%40Eingaenge.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cheops-Pyramid@Eingaenge.JPG","title":"Cheops-Pyramid@Eingaenge.JPG","lic":"CC BY 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0","by":"Hajotthu","cap":"Eingänge zur Cheops-Pyramide: oben ursprünglicher, unten rechts heutiger Eingang"}]},"img":{"images":[{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza.jpg/1280px-Great_Pyramid_of_Giza.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza.jpg","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Pyramid_of_Giza.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","by":"kallerna","cap":"Great Pyramid of Giza."},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_from_southeast_corner.JPG/1280px-The_Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_from_southeast_corner.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","title":"The Great Pyramid of Giza from southeast corner.JPG","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_from_southeast_corner.JPG","lic":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","by":"MusikAnimal","cap":"Looking up at the Great Pyramid of Giza from the base of the southeast corner"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lepsius-Expedition-Cheops-Pyramide_%28full%29.jpg/1280px-Lepsius-Expedition-Cheops-Pyramide_%28full%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","title":"Lepsius-Expedition-Cheops-Pyramide (full).jpg","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lepsius-Expedition-Cheops-Pyramide_(full).jpg","lic":"Public domain","licurl":"","by":"Johann Jakob Frey","cap":"The participants of the Prussian Egypt expedition on the top of the Great Pyramid, watercolor by Johann Jakob Frey, 1842."},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spelterini_Pyramids.jpg/1280px-Spelterini_Pyramids.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","title":"Spelterini Pyramids.jpg","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spelterini_Pyramids.jpg","lic":"Public domain","licurl":"","by":"Eduard Spelterini","cap":"Pyramids of Gizah, Egypt. From left to right: Menkaure, Kephren, Cheops. Photographed from a balloon from about 600 metres above ground."}]},"md":null,"hh":[{"v":"29.9792° N","h":"Latitude of its centre shares its digits with the speed of light, 299,792,458 m/s. A true numeric match; the metre and the degree are modern conventions, which is why it is debated as coincidence","s":[0,1]},{"v":"3′38″","h":"Average deviation of its sides from true north, about a tenth of a degree. How it was achieved is still debated","s":[2]},{"v":"6.280","h":"Base perimeter ÷ height (Petrie: 4 × 230.348 ÷ 146.710), within 0.05% of 2π (6.283). Egyptologists link it to the 5½-palm slope","s":[3,2]},{"v":"2.3 million","u":"blocks","h":"Estimated blocks quarried for it, about 6 million tonnes in total","s":[2]},{"v":"80","u":"t","h":"Aswan granite blocks of the King’s Chamber weigh up to 80 tonnes each","s":[2]},{"v":"21","u":"mm","h":"The levelled strip around the base is horizontal and flat to within 21 mm","s":[2]}],"hs":{"0":["Wikipedia: Great Pyramid of Giza (coordinates 29.97917° N)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza"],"1":["NIST CODATA: speed of light in vacuum, c = 299 792 458 m/s (exact)","https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c"],"2":["Wikipedia: Great Pyramid of Giza (and sources cited there)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza"],"3":["Petrie, W.M.F. 1883. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, Ch.6","http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/c6.html"]},"lh":{"s":"img/h/GIZ-G1.webp","w":1280,"h":720,"o":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_-_Pyramid_of_Khufu.jpg/1280px-Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_-_Pyramid_of_Khufu.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail"}}