{"it":{"id":"MAM-003","kind":"site","sub":"Mesoamerica","name":"Copán","place":"Honduras","lat":14.838,"lon":-89.142,"date":"The city suffered a major political disaster in AD 738 when Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil,…","mat":"adobe;earth;limestone;quartz","nfacts":16,"tags":["Mesoamerica"],"sum":"Copán's Hieroglyphic Stairway, in western Honduras, carries the longest known Maya inscription, cut into the risers of a temple stair.","why":"The longest known Maya text, carved on a royal stair and scrambled by its own collapse.","src":[301],"nsrc":2,"yt":"What does a city write after losing its king?","rel":["MAM-001","MAM-002"],"hook":"The longest Maya inscription was found scrambled, its glyphs tumbled when the temple front collapsed."},"S":{"301":["Wikipedia: Copán","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n"]},"rec":{"id":"MAM-003","alias":[],"ms":[{"f":"of the Copán River at an elevation of","a":"elevation","v":"600","u":"metres","o":"Situated within the fertile alluvial basin of the Copán River at an elevation of 600 metres (1,970 ft) above sea level, the ancient city occupied a strategic ecological corridor at the southeastern periphery of Mesoamerica.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1710"},{"f":"Copán River at an elevation of 600 metres","a":"dimension (unspecified)","v":"1970","u":"ft","o":"Situated within the fertile alluvial basin of the Copán River at an elevation of 600 metres (1,970 ft) above sea level, the ancient city occupied a strategic ecological corridor at the southeastern periphery of Mesoamerica.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1711"},{"f":"is in a fertile valley among foothills at","a":"dimension (unspecified)","v":"700","u":"m","o":"It is in a fertile valley among foothills at 700 m above mean sea level.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1712"},{"f":"of the site core of the city are","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"1.6","u":"km","o":"The ruins of the site core of the city are 1.6 km from the modern village of Copán Ruinas, which is built on the site of a major complex dating to the Classic period.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1713"},{"f":"20 000 and covered an area of over","a":"area","v":"250","u":"km2","o":"At the peak of its power in the Late Classic, the kingdom of Copán had a population of at least 20,000 and covered an area of over 250 km2.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1714"},{"f":"between 6000 and 9000 in an area of","a":"area","v":"0.6","u":"km2","o":"It is estimated that the peak population in central Copán was between 6000 and 9000 in an area of 0.6 km2, with a further 9,000 to 12,000 inhabitants occupying the periphery—an area of 23.4 km2.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1715"},{"f":"000 inhabitants occupying the periphery an area of","a":"area","v":"23.4","u":"km2","o":"It is estimated that the peak population in central Copán was between 6000 and 9000 in an area of 0.6 km2, with a further 9,000 to 12,000 inhabitants occupying the periphery—an area of 23.4 km2.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1716"},{"f":"of 3 000 to 4 000 in a","a":"area","v":"476","u":"km2","o":"Additionally, there was an estimated rural population of 3,000 to 4,000 in a 476 km2 area of the Copán Valley, giving an estimated total population of 18,000 to 25,000 people in the valley during the Late Classic period.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1717"},{"f":"erected a stela at the Santa Rita site","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"12","u":"km","o":"He also erected a stela at the Santa Rita site 12 km away and is mentioned on Altar L at Quiriguá in relation to the same event in 652.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1718"},{"f":"acropolis and revealed a vertical cross-section that measures","a":"height","v":"37","u":"m","o":"This erosion cut away a large portion of the eastern part of the acropolis and revealed a vertical cross-section that measures 37 m high at its tallest point and 300 m long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1719"},{"f":"37 m high at its tallest point and","a":"length","v":"300","u":"m","o":"This erosion cut away a large portion of the eastern part of the acropolis and revealed a vertical cross-section that measures 37 m high at its tallest point and 300 m long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1720"},{"f":"The cultural monument covers","a":"area","v":"66","u":"hectares","o":"The cultural monument covers 66 hectares.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1721"},{"f":"to 143 sqkm over a surveyed area of","a":"area","v":"24.6","u":"km2","o":"REF31 Central Copán had a density of 1449 structures per square kilometer (1449 /sqkm), while in greater Copán as a whole this density fell to 143 /sqkm over a surveyed area of 24.6 km2.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1722"},{"f":"to the city from the nearest ocean some","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"42","u":"km","o":"An offering was made as part of the rites to terminate the old phase and included a collection of eccentric flints worked into the profiles of humans and gods, wrapped in blue-dyed textiles, as well as a 5-ft shark brought to the city from the nearest ocean, some 42 km distant.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1723"},{"f":"The","a":"width","v":"10","u":"m","o":"The 10 m wide Hieroglyphic Stairway ascends the building on the west side from the courtyard below.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1724"},{"f":"REF39 The staircase measures","a":"length","v":"21","u":"m","o":"REF39 The staircase measures 21 m long and was first built by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in AD 710, being reinstalled and expanded in the following phase of the temple by K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil in AD 755.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1378840461 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1725"}],"lab":[{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"The polity controlled access to the upper Motagua River valley, a primary source of jadeite and obsidian, which were transported along riverine networks to the Caribbean coast and inland Maya centers.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"These early buildings were built of stone and adobe and were themselves built upon earlier earth and cobble structures dating to the predynastic period.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Due to the deforestation of the Copán valley, the Rosalila building was the last structure at the site to use such elaborate stucco decoration — vast quantities of firewood could no longer be spared to reduce limestone to plaster.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Set under the building was the Motmot capstone, covering a tomb with the unusual Teotihuacan-style burial of a woman, accompanied by a wide variety of offerings that included animal bones, mercury, jade and quartz, along with three severed human heads, all of which were male.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461"}],"eng":[],"ori":[],"gaps":[],"dat":[],"aa":[],"ac":[],"me":[],"ci":[],"cq":[],"sd":[],"sub":[],"site":{"age":"The city suffered a major political disaster in AD 738 when Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, one of the greatest kings in Copán's dynastic history, was captured and executed by his former vassal, the king of Quiriguá.","dm":"[see dating_excerpt; method not extracted]","lab":"NO: inference only (style/context/king list/textual)","weak":"no direct lab result on the structure in our records; date from stylistic, contextual or textual inference","unesco":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/129","dens":"CENSUS"},"co":{"lat":"14.8375","lon":"-89.1425","src":"Wikidata P625 + UNESCO WHC list XML (agree ≤0.05°)","agree":"DISAGREE: primary 14.83750,-89.14250 vs OSM 14.89587,-88.92558","b":"V","note":"OSM top hit 0.217 deg away; likely a different feature/town match - kept primary value (prior VERIFIED from wave2 retained)","osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4627388"},"src":[{"id":"S0285","t":"no inline ref in article","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copán&oldid=1378840461"},{"id":"S0462","t":"Wikipedia: Copán","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n"},{"id":"VMAM-003-3","t":"Maya Site of Copan - UNESCO World Heritage Centre","u":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/129/"},{"id":null,"t":"Getty Conservation Institute, Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copán","u":"https://www.getty.edu/projects/maya-initiative/hieroglyphic-stairway-at-copan/"},{"id":null,"t":"Alessandro Pezzati, The Excavation of the Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copan, Expedition 54:1 (2012), Penn Museum","u":"https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-excavation-of-the-hieroglyphic-stairway-at-copan/"},{"id":null,"t":"The Wonders of Copan at the Penn Museum, Expedition 54:1 (2012), Penn Museum","u":"https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-wonders-of-copan-at-the-penn-museum/"}],"sum":"\"I can assure you that at heart I am not guilty.\" Thomas Athol Joyce wrote that sentence to defend himself in a quarrel over a staircase. In 1923 Joyce, writing a guide for the British Museum, had added a footnote about the excavation of a Maya monument in Honduras. The blocks, he wrote, had been removed without the careful record the job demanded, and the case showed how narrow the line can be between excavation and destruction. George Byron Gordon, who had led that excavation for Harvard's Peabody Museum, was affronted, and the museum's director asked Joyce to explain himself. Joyce replied that he had only meant to warn future diggers about landslides. Behind the bruised feelings lay a real loss. The longest piece of writing the ancient Maya ever left had come out of the ground in pieces, and nobody could say for certain what order it belonged in.\n\nThe monument is the Hieroglyphic Stairway of Copán, a Maya city in western Honduras, near the border with Guatemala. UNESCO calls Copán one of the most important sites of Maya civilisation. The stairway climbs the front of a pyramid temple known as Temple 26, or Structure 10L-26, and every one of its risers, the vertical face of each step, is carved with glyphs. Maya glyphs are signs that stand for whole words or for syllables, so a stair covered in them is, quite literally, a book you can climb. The Getty Conservation Institute calls it a manuscript in stone. The Penn Museum calls it a sculptured library ascending a pyramid. Its text recounts some four centuries of Copán's royal history.\n\nHow big is it? The sources disagree, and the disagreement is instructive. The Getty gives a width of ten metres, a height of twenty-four and sixty-three steps, carrying over a thousand glyphs. Wikipedia gives the same ten-metre width but 62 steps. The Penn Museum says every block is carved, with 2,200 glyphs in all, and gives the height today as about 21 metres. UNESCO counts more than 1,800 glyphs and describes a stairway 100 metres wide, a figure so far out of line with the others that it may describe the whole plaza front rather than the stair itself. Whatever the count, a large sculpted figure sits in the centre of every twelfth step, thought to show the most important rulers of the dynasty, and a carved stone column, Stela M, stands with its altar at the base.\n\nThe dynasty those figures represent had a long memory. UNESCO says people first settled the Copán Valley around 1500 BC. In AD 427 a leader named Yax Kuk Mo arrived from the region of Tikal, in what is now Guatemala, and founded a royal line that ran to sixteen kings. Copán grew rich on its position. It controlled access to the upper Motagua River valley, a primary source of jadeite and obsidian, which travelled by river to the Caribbean coast and to inland Maya cities. Its great period was the Classic, from about AD 300 to 900, a time of major advances in mathematics, astronomy and writing.\n\nThen came disaster. In AD 738 Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, one of the greatest kings in Copán's history, was captured and executed by his own former vassal, the king of the smaller city of Quiriguá. For a Maya court, the humiliation was hard to exaggerate. Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil had already begun the stairway, in AD 710. After his death his successor, K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil, reinstalled it and expanded it, and the finished work was completed, by the Penn Museum's date, in AD 755.\n\nRead for motive, the timing is everything. A dynasty that has just watched its king killed by an underling does not need a quiet monument. It needs the longest, most public statement of legitimacy it can carve: every ancestor, every accession, every triumph, set one above another on a stair that rises into the sky, with the great kings sitting at regular intervals like guardians. It is a history written to repair a wound.\n\nThe mainstream account of what happened to it afterwards is clear. Copán was abandoned in the early tenth century. Its ruins were first described by Diego García de Palacio in 1570, but no one excavated until the nineteenth century. In 1885 the British archaeologist Alfred Maudslay found the stairway and gave it its name. In 1891 the Peabody Museum began full-scale excavations led by John Owens, who died of fever the next year, leaving Gordon, a young Canadian graduate student hired to map the site, in charge. By then most of the stair had fallen. The Getty reports that only the lowest fifteen steps were still in place. The rest lay broken or worn, jumbled in the debris of the pyramid. Gordon's team cleaned, photographed and numbered the blocks, lowered them to the plaza and made moulds of many. In the 1930s, between 1937 and 1940, the Carnegie Institution of Washington rebuilt the stair from the fallen pieces.\n\nThat is the turn in this story. Both accounts of the scrambling can be true at once: the collapse threw the text out of order, and the early digging may have lost clues to the original sequence. The result is that the longest Maya text stands today with most of its blocks in a reset, uncertain order. Some passages may never be placed again. A history carved to be permanent, by a dynasty desperate to be remembered correctly, became a puzzle with missing edges.\n\nThe stone is fragile, too. From the 1970s the public was kept off the stair, and in 1985 a canvas shelter was raised over it. Every glyph that weathers away is a word that can no longer be read. Between 1999 and 2005 the Getty and Honduras's heritage institute, IHAH, studied the stone, its living growths and its climate, and recorded the surface of every block digitally. The Peabody moulds from the 1890s are an older record of the same faces.\n\nCopán holds other hints of a wider world. Beneath one building lay the Motmot capstone, covering the tomb of a woman buried in the style of distant Teotihuacan, with offerings of animal bones, mercury, jade and quartz, and three severed male heads. Inside the Acropolis, a mass of pyramids and terraces rising some 30 metres, the world's largest archaeological cut exposes the floors of earlier plazas, one over another, like pages pressed together.\n\nStand at the foot of the stairway now and it rises step after step of tight, rounded signs, the carved rulers breaking the rhythm every twelfth step. It reads like a sentence, and for long stretches it is a sentence whose words have been shuffled, a dynasty's voice still speaking in the right letters and the wrong order.","qs":["The longest Maya inscription was found scrambled. What history is lost in the jumble?","Why carve a dynasty's story where people would walk on it?","How do you rebuild a text when you can't read every glyph?"],"gal":[{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Copan_sculpture.jpg/1280px-Copan_sculpture.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copan_sculpture.jpg","title":"Copan sculpture.jpg","lic":"CC BY 2.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","by":"Adalberto Hernandez Vega from Copan Ruinas, Honduras","cap":"World Heritage Site of Copan"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/1280px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1,_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg","title":"001 El Castillo o templo de Kukulkan. 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Copan, Honduras"}]},"img":null,"md":null,"hh":[{"v":"Adobe","h":"Made of: Adobe, earth, limestone, quartz","s":[54]}],"hs":{"54":["Wikipedia: Copán (and sources cited there)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n"]},"lh":{"s":"img/h/MAM-003.webp","w":1280,"h":852,"o":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Copan_sculpture.jpg/1280px-Copan_sculpture.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail"}}