{"it":{"id":"MAM-010","kind":"site","sub":"Mesoamerica","name":"Olmec colossal heads","place":"Mexico (Gulf Coast)","date":"carved more than 2,800 years ago; San Lorenzo grew 1200 to 850 BC","mat":"andesite, basalt, earth","tags":[],"new":1,"nfacts":80,"nsrc":1,"sum":"Sixteen Olmec colossal heads were carved more than 2,800 years ago from single basalt boulders, the largest about 25 short tons, from stone hauled some 60 km from the Tuxtla Mountains.","why":"The colossal heads show how much labour and planning the Olmecs could command, and geology shows where it started.","yt":"How did a people without draft animals or wheels move 20 ton boulders some 60 km?","rel":["MAM-007","CRI-SPH"],"hook":"Olmec heads of up to 25.3 short tons were basalt from the Tuxtla Mountains. Two scientists traced it in 1965."},"S":{},"rec":{"id":"MAM-010","alias":[],"ms":[{"f":"used in their production were transported more than","a":"dimension (unspecified)","v":"150","u":"km","o":"Given that the extremely large slabs of stone used in their production were transported more than 150 km, requiring a great deal of human effort and resources, it is thought that the monuments represent portraits of powerful individual Olmec rulers.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1807"},{"f":"of Veracruz and Tabasco an area measuring approximately","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"275","u":"km","o":"The Olmec heartland lies on the Gulf Coast of Mexico within the states of Veracruz and Tabasco, an area measuring approximately 275 km east to west and extending about 100 km inland from the coast.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1808"},{"f":"275 km east to west and extending about","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"100","u":"km","o":"The Olmec heartland lies on the Gulf Coast of Mexico within the states of Veracruz and Tabasco, an area measuring approximately 275 km east to west and extending about 100 km inland from the coast.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1809"},{"f":"Olmec colossal heads vary in height from","a":"height","v":"1.47-3.4","u":"metres","o":"Olmec colossal heads vary in height from 1.47 to 3.4 metres, or from 4.8 to 11.2 feet, and weigh between 6 and 50 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1810"},{"f":"1 47 to 3 4 metres or from","a":"dimension (unspecified)","v":"4.8-11.2","u":"feet","o":"Olmec colossal heads vary in height from 1.47 to 3.4 metres, or from 4.8 to 11.2 feet, and weigh between 6 and 50 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1811"},{"f":"11 2 feet and weigh between 6 and","a":"mass","v":"50","u":"tons","o":"Olmec colossal heads vary in height from 1.47 to 3.4 metres, or from 4.8 to 11.2 feet, and weigh between 6 and 50 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1812"},{"f":"have made the waterborne transport of monuments weighing","a":"mass","v":"20","u":"tons","o":"Coastal currents of the Gulf of Mexico and in river estuaries might have made the waterborne transport of monuments weighing 20 tons or more impractical.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1813"},{"f":"REF44 Colossal Head nbsp 1 is","a":"height","v":"2.84","u":"m","o":"REF44 Colossal Head 1 is 2.84 m high; REF45 it measures 2.11 m wide and it weighs 25.3 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1814"},{"f":"is 2 84 m high REF45 it measures","a":"width","v":"2.11","u":"m","o":"REF44 Colossal Head 1 is 2.84 m high; REF45 it measures 2.11 m wide and it weighs 25.3 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1815"},{"f":"measures 2 11 m wide and it weighs","a":"mass","v":"25.3","u":"tons","o":"REF44 Colossal Head 1 is 2.84 m high; REF45 it measures 2.11 m wide and it weighs 25.3 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1816"},{"f":"The head stands","a":"height","v":"2.69","u":"m","o":"The head stands 2.69 m high and measures 1.83 m wide by 1.05 m deep; it weighs 20 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1817"},{"f":"head stands 2 69 m high and measures","a":"width","v":"1.83","u":"m","o":"The head stands 2.69 m high and measures 1.83 m wide by 1.05 m deep; it weighs 20 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1818"},{"f":"high and measures 1 83 m wide by","a":"depth","v":"1.05","u":"m","o":"The head stands 2.69 m high and measures 1.83 m wide by 1.05 m deep; it weighs 20 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1819"},{"f":"The head measures","a":"height","v":"1.78","u":"m","o":"The head measures 1.78 m high by 1.63 m wide by 0.95 m deep and weighs 9.4 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1820"},{"f":"The head measures 1 78 m high by","a":"width","v":"1.63","u":"m","o":"The head measures 1.78 m high by 1.63 m wide by 0.95 m deep and weighs 9.4 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1821"},{"f":"m high by 1 63 m wide by","a":"depth","v":"0.95","u":"m","o":"The head measures 1.78 m high by 1.63 m wide by 0.95 m deep and weighs 9.4 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1822"},{"f":"wide by 0 95 m deep and weighs","a":"mass","v":"9.4","u":"tons","o":"The head measures 1.78 m high by 1.63 m wide by 0.95 m deep and weighs 9.4 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1823"},{"f":"The monument was found","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"0.8","u":"km","o":"The monument was found 0.8 km southwest of the main mound at San Lorenzo, however, its original location is unknown; erosion of the gully may have resulted in significant movement of the sculpture.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1824"},{"f":"known as San Lorenzo Monument nbsp 4 weighs","a":"mass","v":"6","u":"tons","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 4 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 4) weighs 6 tons REF66 and has been moved to the Xalapa Museum of Anthropology.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1825"},{"f":"nbsp 4 is 1 78 m high REF68","a":"width","v":"1.17","u":"m","o":"REF67 Colossal Head 4 is 1.78 m high, REF68 1.17 m wide and 0.95 m deep.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1826"},{"f":"head was discovered by Matthew Stirling in 1946","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"550","u":"m","o":"The head was discovered by Matthew Stirling in 1946, 550 m northwest of the principal mound, at the edge of a gully.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1827"},{"f":"The monument stands","a":"height","v":"1.86","u":"m","o":"The monument stands 1.86 m high and measures 1.47 m wide by 1.15 m deep.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1828"},{"f":"monument stands 1 86 m high and measures","a":"width","v":"1.47","u":"m","o":"The monument stands 1.86 m high and measures 1.47 m wide by 1.15 m deep.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1829"},{"f":"high and measures 1 47 m wide by","a":"depth","v":"1.15","u":"m","o":"The monument stands 1.86 m high and measures 1.47 m wide by 1.15 m deep.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1830"},{"f":"It weighs","a":"mass","v":"11.6","u":"tons","o":"It weighs 11.6 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1831"},{"f":"of the smaller examples of colossal heads standing","a":"height","v":"1.67","u":"m","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 6 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 17) is one of the smaller examples of colossal heads, standing 1.67 m.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1832"},{"f":"It measures","a":"width","v":"1.41","u":"m","o":"It measures 1.41 m wide by 1.26 m deep and is estimated to weigh between 8 and 10 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1833"},{"f":"It measures 1 41 m wide by","a":"depth","v":"1.26","u":"m","o":"It measures 1.41 m wide by 1.26 m deep and is estimated to weigh between 8 and 10 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1834"},{"f":"and is estimated to weigh between 8 and","a":"mass","v":"10","u":"tons","o":"It measures 1.41 m wide by 1.26 m deep and is estimated to weigh between 8 and 10 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1835"},{"f":"known as San Lorenzo Monument nbsp 53 measures","a":"height","v":"2.7","u":"m","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 7 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 53) measures 2.7 m high by 1.85 m wide by 1.35 m deep and weighs 18 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1836"},{"f":"nbsp 53 measures 2 7 m high by","a":"width","v":"1.85","u":"m","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 7 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 53) measures 2.7 m high by 1.85 m wide by 1.35 m deep and weighs 18 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1837"},{"f":"m high by 1 85 m wide by","a":"depth","v":"1.35","u":"m","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 7 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 53) measures 2.7 m high by 1.85 m wide by 1.35 m deep and weighs 18 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1838"},{"f":"wide by 1 35 m deep and weighs","a":"mass","v":"18","u":"tons","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 7 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 53) measures 2.7 m high by 1.85 m wide by 1.35 m deep and weighs 18 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1839"},{"f":"was buried at a depth of less than","a":"depth","v":"1","u":"m","o":"It was buried at a depth of less than 1 m and was lying facing upwards, REF84 leaning slightly northwards on its right hand side.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1840"},{"f":"known as San Lorenzo Monument nbsp 61 stands","a":"height","v":"2.2","u":"m","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 8 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 61) stands 2.2 m high; it measures 1.65 m wide by 1.6 m deep and weighs 13 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1841"},{"f":"61 stands 2 2 m high it measures","a":"width","v":"1.65","u":"m","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 8 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 61) stands 2.2 m high; it measures 1.65 m wide by 1.6 m deep and weighs 13 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1842"},{"f":"high it measures 1 65 m wide by","a":"depth","v":"1.6","u":"m","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 8 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 61) stands 2.2 m high; it measures 1.65 m wide by 1.6 m deep and weighs 13 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1843"},{"f":"wide by 1 6 m deep and weighs","a":"mass","v":"13","u":"tons","o":"San Lorenzo Colossal Head 8 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 61) stands 2.2 m high; it measures 1.65 m wide by 1.6 m deep and weighs 13 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1844"},{"f":"The monument was discovered at a depth of","a":"depth","v":"5","u":"m","o":"The monument was discovered at a depth of 5 m during a magnetometer survey of the site in 1968; REF90 it has been dated to the Early Preclassic.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1845"},{"f":"It measures","a":"height","v":"1.65","u":"m","o":"It measures 1.65 m high by 1.36 m wide by 1.17 m deep.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); 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unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1850"},{"f":"tall and measures 1 43 m wide by","a":"depth","v":"0.92","u":"m","o":"REF103 It stands 1.8 m tall and measures 1.43 m wide by 0.92 m deep; it weighs 8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1851"},{"f":"wide by 0 92 m deep it weighs","a":"mass","v":"8","u":"tons","o":"REF103 It stands 1.8 m tall and measures 1.43 m wide by 0.92 m deep; it weighs 8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); 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unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1856"},{"f":"wide by 1 95 m deep it weighs","a":"mass","v":"24","u":"tons","o":"REF110 Monument 1 measures 2.41 m high by 2.08 m wide by 1.95 m deep; it weighs 24 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1857"},{"f":"site chronology","a":"dating (as stated)","v":"REF112 The head was found in its original context; associated find","u":"","o":"REF112 The head was found in its original context; associated finds have been radiocarbon dated to between 1000 and 600 BC.","unc":"","by":"per cited source","yr":"","m":"documentary: auto-extracted sentence","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary)","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"","id":"M1858"},{"f":"La Venta Monument nbsp 2 measures","a":"height","v":"1.63","u":"m","o":"La Venta Monument 2 measures 1.63 m high by 1.35 m wide by 0.98 m deep; the head weighs 11.8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1859"},{"f":"nbsp 2 measures 1 63 m high by","a":"width","v":"1.35","u":"m","o":"La Venta Monument 2 measures 1.63 m high by 1.35 m wide by 0.98 m deep; the head weighs 11.8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1860"},{"f":"m high by 1 35 m wide by","a":"depth","v":"0.98","u":"m","o":"La Venta Monument 2 measures 1.63 m high by 1.35 m wide by 0.98 m deep; the head weighs 11.8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1861"},{"f":"by 0 98 m deep the head weighs","a":"mass","v":"11.8","u":"tons","o":"La Venta Monument 2 measures 1.63 m high by 1.35 m wide by 0.98 m deep; the head weighs 11.8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1862"},{"f":"site chronology","a":"dating (as stated)","v":"carbon dating of the monument's context dates it to between 1000 and 600 BC","u":"","o":"Radiocarbon dating of the monument's context dates it to between 1000 and 600 BC.","unc":"","by":"per cited source","yr":"","m":"documentary: auto-extracted sentence","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary)","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"","id":"M1863"},{"f":"La Venta Monument nbsp 3 stands","a":"height","v":"1.98","u":"m","o":"La Venta Monument 3 stands 1.98 m high and measures 1.6 m wide by 1 m deep; it weighs 12.8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1864"},{"f":"3 stands 1 98 m high and measures","a":"width","v":"1.6","u":"m","o":"La Venta Monument 3 stands 1.98 m high and measures 1.6 m wide by 1 m deep; it weighs 12.8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1865"},{"f":"m wide by 1 m deep it weighs","a":"mass","v":"12.8","u":"tons","o":"La Venta Monument 3 stands 1.98 m high and measures 1.6 m wide by 1 m deep; it weighs 12.8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1866"},{"f":"site chronology","a":"dating (as stated)","v":"ta heads, its context has been radiocarbon dated to between 1000 and 600 BC","u":"","o":"Like the other La Venta heads, its context has been radiocarbon dated to between 1000 and 600 BC.","unc":"","by":"per cited source","yr":"","m":"documentary: auto-extracted sentence","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary)","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"","id":"M1867"},{"f":"La Venta Monument nbsp 4 measures","a":"height","v":"2.26","u":"m","o":"La Venta Monument 4 measures 2.26 m high by 1.98 m wide and 1.86 m deep.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); 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unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1870"},{"f":"It weighs","a":"mass","v":"19.8","u":"tons","o":"It weighs 19.8 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1871"},{"f":"site chronology","a":"dating (as stated)","v":"REF121 As with the other heads in the group, its archaeological co","u":"","o":"REF121 As with the other heads in the group, its archaeological context has been radiocarbon dated to between 1000 and 600 BC.","unc":"","by":"per cited source","yr":"","m":"documentary: auto-extracted sentence","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary)","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"","id":"M1872"},{"f":"in the middle of the 19th century REF131","a":"distance (not a site dimension)","v":"1","u":"km","o":"Tres Zapotes Monument A (also known as Tres Zapotes Colossal Head 1) was the first colossal head to be found, discovered by accident in the middle of the 19th century, REF131 1 km to the north of the modern village of Tres Zapotes.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); 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unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1879"},{"f":"wide by 1 26 m deep and weighs","a":"mass","v":"8.5","u":"tons","o":"Tres Zapotes Monument Q (also known as the Nestape Head and Tres Zapotes Colossal Head 2) measures 1.45 m high by 1.34 m wide by 1.26 m deep and weighs 8.5 tons.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1880"},{"f":"head consisting of a ceramic vessel and a","a":"length","v":"12","u":"cm","o":"REF141 The head was largely buried when found; excavations uncovered a Late Classic (600–900 AD) offering associated with the head consisting of a ceramic vessel and a 12 cm long obsidian knife placed pointing northwards towards the head.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); 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unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1885"},{"f":"high and measures 1 2 m wide by","a":"depth","v":"1.56","u":"m","o":"It stands 1.84 m high and measures 1.2 m wide by 1.56 m deep.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1372901391 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M1886"}],"lab":[{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"The Olmec colossal heads are stone representations of heads sculpted from large basalt boulders.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"REF141 The head was largely buried when found; excavations uncovered a Late Classic (600–900 AD) offering associated with the head consisting of a ceramic vessel and a 12 cm long obsidian knife placed pointing northwards towards the head.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Monument 23 is sculpted from andesite and falls in the middle of the size range for confirmed colossal heads.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391"}],"eng":[],"ori":[],"gaps":[],"dat":[],"aa":[],"ac":[],"me":[],"ci":[],"cq":[],"sd":[],"sub":[],"site":{"age":"The heads date from at least 900 BCE and are a distinctive feature of the Olmec civilization of ancient Mesoamerica.","dm":"[see dating_excerpt; method not extracted]","lab":"NO: inference only (style/context/king list/textual)","weak":"no direct lab result on the structure in our records; date from stylistic, contextual or textual inference","unesco":"","dens":"CENSUS"},"co":{"lat":"","lon":"","src":"category or no P625 (see SUMMARY gaps)","agree":"no OSM match","b":"S","note":"no coordinates in Wikidata/UNESCO/OSM","osm":""},"src":[{"id":"S0359","t":"no inline ref in article","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=1372901391"},{"id":"VMAM-010-2","t":"Williams & Heizer 1965, Sources of Rocks Used in Olmec Monuments (UC Berkeley ARF; Mesoweb)","u":"https://www.mesoweb.com/olmec/publications/Williams&Heizer1965.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"de la Fuente, Beatriz, “Tres cabezas colosales olmecas procedentes de San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, en el nuevo Museo de Antropología de Xalapa”, Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas 58 (1987), UNAM (full text)","u":"https://www.analesiie.unam.mx/index.php/analesiie/article/view/1352"},{"id":null,"t":"Williams, Howel, and Heizer, Robert F., “Sources of Rocks Used in Olmec Monuments”, Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 1 (1965), Berkeley (full text, mirrored by Mesoweb)","u":"https://www.mesoweb.com/olmec/publications/Williams&Heizer1965-OCR.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"Taube, Karl A., “Introduction: The Origin and Development of Olmec Research”, in Olmec Art at Dumbarton Oaks, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Harvard University","u":"https://www.doaks.org/resources/olmec-art/introduction"},{"id":null,"t":"Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), “San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan”, Zona Arqueológica, Veracruz","u":"https://lugares.inah.gob.mx/es/node/4454"}],"sum":"On 8 August 1982, a farmer near San Lorenzo, in the Mexican state of Veracruz, came across a face in the ground. It was a stone head 165 centimetres high, wearing a close-fitting headdress, the ninth of its kind to come out of that one site. It joined a small and extraordinary company. The art historian Beatriz de la Fuente, of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, counted 16 Olmec colossal heads in 1987, each one carved from a single boulder of volcanic rock, each one different, and all of them made about three thousand years ago by a people who left no written name for themselves.\n\nThe Olmec lived on the southern Gulf Coast of Mexico, in what are now Veracruz and Tabasco, and they are often seen as one of the first great cultures of Mesoamerica. The colossal heads are their signature. They come from four places: San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes and Cerro Nestepe. Their heights run from about 1.47 to 3.4 metres, and their weights from about 6 tons to as much as 50, by one count of the whole range of great basalt monuments. When the geologist Howel Williams and the archaeologist Robert Heizer computed weights in 1965, San Lorenzo Head 1 came out at 25.3 short tons, about 23 metric tonnes. La Venta Head 1 weighed 24.0 short tons, La Venta Head 4 19.8, and the two smaller heads of Tres Zapotes 7.8 and 8.5. De la Fuente gives San Lorenzo Head 7 as 2.7 metres high and 18 tons.\n\nThe dates come mainly from where the heads were found. San Lorenzo grew between 1200 and 850 BC, according to INAH, Mexico's national institute of anthropology and history, and housed up to 13,000 people before 900 BC. The context of two La Venta heads has been radiocarbon dated to between 1000 and 600 BC. Taken together, the heads were carved more than 2,800 years ago.\n\nWho are they? The archaeologist Karl Taube, writing for Harvard's Dumbarton Oaks, calls it widely recognised that the heads are portraits of rulers. De la Fuente found that no two share the same features, ear ornaments or expression, and read them as portraits of young rulers. Each wears its own headdress, as if each man were known by it. If they are right, these are among the earliest monuments in the Americas made to glorify a single person, faces of power set up for crowds to see.\n\nThe stone tells the second half of the story. In January 1960 Williams and Heizer went into the Tuxtla Mountains of Veracruz to find where the Olmec got their rock. On the slopes of the volcano Cerro Cintepec they found alluvial fans, spreads of debris washed down a slope, scattered with boulders up to 3 metres across. The rock was a coarse basalt, indistinguishable from that of the San Lorenzo and La Venta heads. In their view the Olmec did not quarry solid lava; they picked loose, rounded boulders, which may be why the heads keep a boulder's rounded shape. The source, they wrote, was almost certainly the main origin of the Olmecs' volcanic stone. Taube gives the straight-line distance from Cerro Cintepec to San Lorenzo as about 60 kilometres; one estimate in the record says the stone used for some heads travelled more than 150 kilometres.\n\nThat journey is the hard part. The Olmec had no wheels for transport and no draft animals. The land between the mountains and the coast is swamp and river country. Williams and Heizer suggested rafts for part of the journey to La Venta, but they noted a rocky gorge on the river above Sayula that heavily loaded rafts could hardly have passed. Taube cites the archaeologist Ann Cyphers' estimate that at least 490 tons of basalt were brought to San Lorenzo in all. For comparison he points to an experiment in France in 1979, in which about 250 people moved a 32-ton block 40 metres. Forty metres is a long way from sixty kilometres.\n\nThe heads have also carried a long argument about faces. The first scholar to publish one, José María Melgar y Serrano, heard of a head at Hueyapan, now Tres Zapotes, in 1862 and published it in 1869. He looked at its features and concluded that Africans must have lived in Mexico at the beginning of the world. Alfredo Chavero repeated the idea in 1887, and in 1976 Ivan van Sertima revived it, while others have traced the Olmec to China. De la Fuente herself described Head 9 and two others as looking different from Mexico's native peoples, which shows why the idea has lasted. The mainstream answer, in Taube's words, is that such links rest on \"superficial visual resemblances,\" that Olmec traits can be traced to earlier Mesoamerican cultures, and that there is no material evidence of contact between the Old World and Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived. The stone, at least, is local.\n\nSystematic digging began only in 1939, when Matthew Stirling launched a Smithsonian and National Geographic project at Tres Zapotes, then moved on to La Venta and San Lorenzo. Many heads, though, turned up by chance. San Lorenzo Head 7 was found by the archaeologist Gallegos in 1969, Head 8 in 1970, Head 9 by that farmer in 1982. Some were buried at the time of discovery. One head carries a much later gift: a Late Classic offering, from about AD 600 to 900, of a pot and a 12-centimetre obsidian knife, laid pointing north toward the face, by people who came many centuries after the Olmec.\n\nThe mainstream case is solid. The heads are portraits of Olmec rulers, carved from local volcanic boulders, moved by organised labour over land and water, and set up to show the power of the men they portray.\n\nWhat it does not settle is method, and a few strange details. Exactly how boulders of twenty tons and more crossed tens of kilometres of wet lowland is still unknown. Many heads are pitted and broken, and the reason is debated; the archaeologist James Porter noted that at least two San Lorenzo heads were recarved from thrones, which suggests reuse rather than attack. San Lorenzo's own decline, between about 900 and 850 BC, is uncertain, with conflict, disease and environmental change all proposed.\n\nA ruler's throne, cut down and turned into a ruler's face. Sixteen faces in close-fitting headdresses, no two alike, looking out across three thousand years. If these are the earliest surviving portraits of American kings, who were they, and what did they know that let them carry pieces of a volcano across a swamp?","qs":["The Olmecs moved heads of about 25 tons with no wheels or draft animals. How did they do it?","Why carve a ruler's face so large?","What can geology tell archaeology that digging cannot?"],"gal":[{"src":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/San_Lorenzo_Monument_4_crop.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:San_Lorenzo_Monument_4_crop.jpg","title":"San Lorenzo Monument 4 crop.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 2.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","by":"Marshall Astor (Life on the Edge)","cap":"Colossal Head 4 from San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. Photographed at at a temporary exhibition in the De Young Museum, San Francisco in 2006. The he"},{"src":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg","title":"Cabeza Colosal nº1 del Museo Xalapa.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licurl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/","by":"Utilisateur:Olmec","cap":"Olmec head or colossal head labeled as number 1 in the Xalapa's museum of Antropology. It is also known as el rey (the king) It was found in San Lorenzo Tenocht"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cabeza_olmeca%2C_Santiago_Tuxtla.jpg/1280px-Cabeza_olmeca%2C_Santiago_Tuxtla.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabeza_olmeca,_Santiago_Tuxtla.jpg","title":"Cabeza olmeca, Santiago Tuxtla.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","by":"Gunnar Wolf","cap":"Cabeza monumental olmeca, exhibida en la plaza principal de Santiago Tuxtla"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cabeza_olmeca%2C_museo_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s_Tuxtla.JPG/1280px-Cabeza_olmeca%2C_museo_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s_Tuxtla.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabeza_olmeca,_museo_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s_Tuxtla.JPG","title":"Cabeza olmeca, museo de San Andrés Tuxtla.JPG","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","by":"Gunnar Wolf","cap":"Permanent exhibition of Olmec artefacts in the regional museum of Santiago Tuxtla. Monument Q from Tres Zapotes (also known as Nestepe Monument 1, the Nestepe C"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/La_Venta_Monument_4.JPG/1280px-La_Venta_Monument_4.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Venta_Monument_4.JPG","title":"La Venta Monument 4.JPG","lic":"Public domain","licurl":"","by":"User:Bubelka","cap":"Monument 4 from La Venta, an Olmec colossal now in the Parque-Museo La Venta in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico."}]},"img":null,"md":null,"hh":null,"hs":{},"lh":{"s":"img/h/MAM-010.webp","w":807,"h":1152,"o":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/San_Lorenzo_Monument_4_crop.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled"}}