{"it":{"id":"SAM-003","kind":"site","sub":"South America","name":"Chavín de Huántar","place":"Peru","lat":-9.593,"lon":-77.178,"date":"Chavín de Huántar is an archaeological site in Peru, containing ruins and artifacts…","mat":"granite;limestone","facts":[{"a":"T60 relative","v":"significantly shorter than other two","u":"text","r":44},{"a":"H2 range","v":"575-706","u":"Hz","r":45},{"a":"H3 range","v":"826-1046","u":"Hz","r":45},{"a":"H2 suppression","v":"~40","u":"dB","r":45},{"a":"H3 suppression","v":"45-55","u":"dB","r":45}],"nfacts":14,"tags":["Andes"],"sum":"In the stone galleries beneath Chavín de Huántar, in Peru's Andes, sound behaves strangely. Acoustic tests measured reverberation times of 0.15 to about 1 second, mostly under half a second, and the narrow ducts boost sounds between 100 and 400 Hz, a low hum range, by 10 to 20 decibels.","why":"It is one of the few ancient sites where the claim is about sound, and the sound can still be tested.","src":[296,557,558,559],"nsrc":9,"yt":"The ducts favour the same low range the conch trumpets play in. Is that a design decision, or what any narrow stone corridor would do?","rel":["MAM-002","SAM-001"],"hook":"Pour water down a buried canal at Chavín de Huántar and, observers said, it sounds like a crowd applauding."},"S":{"44":["Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/publications/Acoustics08.pdf"],"45":["Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru"],"296":["Wikipedia: Chavín de Huántar","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar"],"557":["Kolar et al. 2008, On the Acoustics of the Underground Galleries of Chavín de Huántar (Stanford CCRMA)","https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/publications/Acoustics08.pdf"],"558":["Kolar et al. 2012, Integrative archaeoacoustics: Chavín pututus and the Lanzón ducts","https://culturalacoustics.org/publications/KolarEtAl2012_IntegrativeArchaeoacousticsPututus_Chavin.pdf"],"559":["UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Chavín (Archaeological Site)","https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330"]},"rec":{"id":"SAM-003","alias":[],"ms":[{"f":"km north of Lima at an elevation of","a":"elevation","v":"3180","u":"m","o":"km north of Lima, at an elevation of 3180 m, east of the Cordillera Blanca at the start of the Conchucos Valley.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavín_de_Huántar&oldid=1364711956","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1364711956 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2304"},{"f":"plaza is perfectly circular and is close to","a":"diameter","v":"20","u":"m","o":"The plaza is perfectly circular and is close to 20 m in diameter, with a floor consisted of pillow-shaped pavers of yellow diatomite.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavín_de_Huántar&oldid=1364711956","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1364711956 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2305"},{"f":"galleries (3: Doble Ménsula, Laberintos, Ofrendas)","a":"acoustic T60 range","v":"0.15-~1","u":"s","o":"","unc":"","by":"Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","yr":"2008","m":"as stated","c":"Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","pg":"","url":"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/publications/Acoustics08.pdf","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"generally <0.5 s; longer at low freq","id":"M2966"},{"f":"galleries","a":"impulse responses (sources x receivers)","v":"10 x 27","u":"count","o":"","unc":"","by":"Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","yr":"2008","m":"as stated","c":"Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","pg":"","url":"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/publications/Acoustics08.pdf","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2967"},{"f":"galleries","a":"late-field onset (echo density)","v":"~10","u":"ms","o":"","unc":"","by":"Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","yr":"2008","m":"as stated","c":"Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","pg":"","url":"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/publications/Acoustics08.pdf","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"fully diffuse <20 ms","id":"M2968"},{"f":"Ofrendas gallery","a":"T60 relative","v":"significantly shorter than other two","u":"text","o":"","unc":"","by":"Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","yr":"2008","m":"as stated","c":"Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","pg":"","url":"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/publications/Acoustics08.pdf","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2969"},{"f":"site-excavated Strombus pututus","a":"count measured","v":"19","u":"count","o":"","unc":"","by":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","yr":"2012","m":"as stated","c":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","pg":"","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2970"},{"f":"pututus","a":"fundamental frequency H1 range","v":"272-340","u":"Hz","o":"","unc":"","by":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","yr":"2012","m":"as stated","c":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","pg":"","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2971"},{"f":"pututus","a":"H2 range","v":"575-706","u":"Hz","o":"","unc":"","by":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","yr":"2012","m":"as stated","c":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","pg":"","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"ASA 2014 page gives 553-696 Hz (DISAGREES slightly)","id":"M2972"},{"f":"pututus","a":"H3 range","v":"826-1046","u":"Hz","o":"","unc":"","by":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","yr":"2012","m":"as stated","c":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","pg":"","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2973"},{"f":"Lanzón gallery ducts (3)","a":"acoustic filter boost band","v":"100-400 Hz by >10-20 dB","u":"text","o":"","unc":"","by":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","yr":"2012","m":"as stated","c":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","pg":"","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2974"},{"f":"ducts exterior","a":"H2 suppression","v":"~40","u":"dB","o":"","unc":"","by":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","yr":"2012","m":"as stated","c":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","pg":"","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2975"},{"f":"side ducts","a":"H3 suppression","v":"45-55","u":"dB","o":"","unc":"","by":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","yr":"2012","m":"as stated","c":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","pg":"","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"central duct resonance peak ~800-900 Hz","id":"M2976"},{"f":"pututus played in pairs","a":"acoustic beats","v":"audible beats; tones \"pulled into tune\" by gallery resonances","u":"text","o":"","unc":"","by":"Kolar et al. (ASA 2014)","yr":"2014","m":"as stated","c":"Kolar et al. (ASA 2014)","pg":"","url":"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/ASA2014.html","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"perceptual report","id":"M2977"}],"lab":[{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"It appears that a center line of black limestone blocks runs on its architectural east-west axis.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavín_de_Huántar&oldid=1364711956"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Walls of the plaza were constructed of cut stone, principally granite, laid in courses of varying width.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavín_de_Huántar&oldid=1364711956"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"In contrast, those who lived in rural areas consumed lower-quality food and used chert tools, while those who lived in urban areas imported high-quality obsidian to create sharper blades.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavín_de_Huántar&oldid=1364711956"}],"eng":[],"ori":[],"gaps":[{"a":"largest_block","r":"not found in free sources reached"},{"a":"slope_face_angle","r":"no published face/slope angle in sources reached (often n/a for non-pyramidal sites)"},{"a":"wall_batter","r":"no published batter survey in free sources"},{"a":"orientation","r":"no published azimuth reached"},{"a":"corner_precision","r":"no published precision survey in free sources"},{"a":"levelness","r":"no published levelling survey in free sources"},{"a":"quarry_source","r":"not found in free sources reached"},{"a":"mortar","r":"dry-stone construction or no binder analysis in free sources"},{"a":"dating","r":"no absolute date extracted"},{"a":"volume_labor","r":"no volume/labour estimate in sources opened"},{"a":"construction_phases","r":"no phase sequence in sources opened"},{"a":"lab_date_material","r":"no lab date with dated material in sources opened"},{"a":"magnetic_radiation","r":"no published magnetic/radiation survey found (searched site name + magnetometry/radiation; Wikipedia, Google Scholar snippets)"},{"a":"metals_clamps","r":"no metal/clamp evidence reported in sources opened"},{"a":"artifacts_found","r":"no finds row yet"}],"dat":[],"aa":[{"id":"AA035","a":"galleries/acoustics too advanced","who":"popular AA media (no named author); popular AA media; Foerster ch.25","main":"Chavín cult centre ~1200-500 BC","ms":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar ; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru","st":"unresolved","n":"wave12: Kolar/CCRMA T60 0.15-1 s, pututus 272-340 Hz, duct 100-400 Hz boost; intentional ritual acoustics, explained by geometry; capability claim untested","nl":10}],"ac":[{"v":"galleries and acoustics too advanced for 1st-millennium-BC Andeans","who":"popular AA media (no named author)","url":"","b":"I","ce":"C14 places construction ~1200-500 BC; galleries/ducts consistent with ritual design"},{"v":"galleries engineered acoustically beyond Formative capability","who":"popular AA media; Foerster ch.25","url":"https://hiddenincatours.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Lost-Ancient-Technology-Of-Peru-And-Bolivi-Brien-Foerster.pdf","b":"I","ce":"T60 0.15-1 s and duct filtering explained by geometry"}],"me":[{"v":"Chavín cult centre","ev":"Wikipedia Chavín (C14)","s":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar"},{"v":"intentional ritual acoustics within Chavín design","ev":"Kolar et al.","s":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru"}],"ci":[],"cq":[],"sd":[],"sub":[],"site":{"age":"Chavín de Huántar is an archaeological site in Peru, containing ruins and artifacts constructed as early as 1200 BC, and occupied until around 400–500 BC by the Chavín, a major pre-Inca culture.","dm":"[see dating_excerpt; method not extracted]","lab":"NO: inference only (style/context/king list/textual)","weak":"no direct lab result on the structure in our records; date from stylistic, contextual or textual inference","unesco":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330","dens":"CENSUS"},"co":{"lat":"-9.592775","lon":"-77.17845278","src":"Wikidata P625 + UNESCO WHC list XML (agree ≤0.05°)","agree":"agree","b":"V","note":"two independent sources agree; max delta 0.0010 deg (~0.11 km)","osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8596479"},"src":[{"id":"S0281","t":"no inline ref in article","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavín_de_Huántar&oldid=1364711956"},{"id":null,"t":"Abel, Rick, Kolar et al. (CCRMA)","u":"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/publications/Acoustics08.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","u":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru"},{"id":null,"t":"Kolar et al. (ASA 2014)","u":"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/ASA2014.html"},{"id":null,"t":"https://hiddenincatours.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Lost-Ancient-Technology-Of-Peru-And-Bolivi-Brien-Foerster.pdf","u":"https://hiddenincatours.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Lost-Ancient-Technology-Of-Peru-And-Bolivi-Brien-Foerster.pdf"},{"id":"S0457","t":"Wikipedia: Chavín de Huántar","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar"},{"id":"S2558","t":"Kolar et al. 2008, On the Acoustics of the Underground Galleries of Chavín de Huántar (Stanford CCRMA)","u":"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/publications/Acoustics08.pdf"},{"id":"S2559","t":"Kolar et al. 2012, Integrative archaeoacoustics: Chavín pututus and the Lanzón ducts","u":"https://culturalacoustics.org/publications/KolarEtAl2012_IntegrativeArchaeoacousticsPututus_Chavin.pdf"},{"id":"S2560","t":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Chavín (Archaeological Site)","u":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330"},{"id":"VSAM-003-10","t":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Chavin (Archaeological Site)","u":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330/"}],"sum":"The excavators expected a rush of water. Beneath the Circular Plaza at Chavín de Huántar, high in the Peruvian Andes, a stepped stone canal runs under the main staircase, and in a test published in 1976 they poured two 200-litre cylinders of water into it. What came out of the stone, observers said, sounded like \"a crowd applauding,\" and was \"in no way associated with a torrent.\" Water had been turned into an audience.\n\nChavín de Huántar is a temple complex in a valley of the Peruvian Andes, at about 3,180 metres above sea level, where the Mosna and Huanchecsa rivers meet near the headwaters of the Marañón. It gave its name to the Chavín culture and is one of the earliest and best-known pre-Columbian sites, and the early twentieth-century Peruvian archaeologist Julio C. Tello called it \"the birthplace of South American culture.\" UNESCO inscribed it as a World Heritage Site in 1985, protecting 14.79 hectares. Dates vary with the measure. Occupation has been carbon-dated to at least 3000 BC; UNESCO puts the Chavín culture between 1500 and 300 BC; the acoustics team dates about 700 years of active building at the complex, from roughly 1200 to 500 BC. The site sat between the coast and the jungle, ideal for drawing in goods, ideas and pilgrims, and it became the centre of a cult that spread across a wide area of the Andes.\n\nIts buildings are mounds of stone laid with earthen mortar, honeycombed with galleries: narrow corridors, small rooms and cells on several levels, turning at right angles, connected in maze-like routes that can disorient a visitor. Ducts thread through them, letting in light and air, above a network of stone drains. At the centre of the oldest part, the Old Temple, a gallery holds the Lanzón, a carved granite monolith about 4.5 metres high, named for its spear-like shape and also called the Great Image. It is taken to be the supreme deity of the site, with a feline head and a human body. Seventeenth-century texts describe Chavín as a temple and an oracle. UNESCO counts the Lanzón, the Raimondi Stela, the Tello Obelisk and the Circular Plaza among the masterpieces of Chavín carving, and in later reliefs the deity holds a strombus shell in one hand and a spiny oyster shell in the other.\n\nThose shells matter. In 2001 a Stanford team led by John Rick dug up a set of decorated conch-shell trumpets, called pututus, made from the marine snail Strombus galeatus, which lives in tropical seas far below these mountains. Twenty were found intact; 19 could be measured. Played by musicians, they sounded fundamental tones from about 272 to 340 hertz, a few notes rising from around middle C. Carved stones in the Circular Plaza show figures holding the shells, perhaps blowing them, and fossil sea-snail shells are set into the plaza floor.\n\nThen the acousticians came. The Chavín de Huántar Archaeological Acoustics Project, founded at Stanford by the computer-music pioneer John Chowning and by Rick, brought in researchers including Miriam Kolar. Inside the galleries, they found, sound dies quickly: reverberation times mostly under half a second, ranging from 0.15 to about one. That short decay lets a pututu be played almost like a drum. Near the Lanzón, the three ducts behave like a filter, boosting sounds between 100 and 400 hertz by more than 10 to 20 decibels above the rest of the audible range. A rise of 10 decibels is heard as roughly twice as loud. At the outer openings of the ducts, the pututus' second harmonics were suppressed by about 40 decibels, and the third by 45 to 55 in the side ducts. When two players blew together, the team heard strong beats, a throbbing as two close notes interfere. Kolar asked how a listener in the dark would have taken it: \"Might it be experienced as a phantom force?\"\n\nThe mainstream reading is the one the researchers propose, a \"sounding oracle.\" The galleries' acoustics, they argue, tie the pututus to the Lanzón Gallery and the Circular Plaza, the heart of a famous oracle, and a thundering, sounding building would be far more impressive to pilgrims. Rick explains Chavín's reach through an elite that commanded the labour and resources for centuries of building, and that displayed and controlled spiritual authority. The team is careful about its own limits. It warns against conclusions that rest on one researcher's biased impressions, and combined measurements of the shells, the building and replica playing tests for that reason.\n\nThe turn is that the building still keeps its intentions. The ducts amplify exactly the band in which the pututus sound their main notes. That overlap could be a design choice by builders who understood sound. It could also be what any narrow stone corridor of that size does to any sound passing through it. No text by the builders survives to say which, and the reports of an oracle come from observers writing some two thousand years later. Popular accounts go further and call Chavín an ancient sound machine, or claim its galleries were engineered beyond the abilities of their age; the radiocarbon dates and the excavations place them firmly in the hands of Andean builders of the first millennium BC.\n\nThere is more under the mounds than anyone has yet heard. In 2018 Rick's group sent small four-wheel-drive robots into the temple and found 30 tunnels, along with the graves of several people buried under rocks, still to be studied.\n\nThe measurements can say what the galleries do. Picture a pilgrim who has climbed into these mountains, led through dark corridors that turn and turn again, toward a carved god in a narrow chamber. Somewhere beyond the walls water begins to applaud, and a shell from a distant sea starts to throb. If the people who built Chavín knew exactly what that would feel like, how much of the god's voice was theirs?","qs":["The ducts favour the same low range the conch trumpets play in. Is that a design decision, or what any narrow stone corridor would do?","If priests used water, shells and darkness to shape a god's voice, was that theatre, deception, or worship as they understood it?","Measurements tell us what the galleries do to sound. How far can they take us toward what the builders intended?"],"gal":[{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar_-_51149086708.jpg/1280px-Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar_-_51149086708.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar_-_51149086708.jpg","title":"Chavín de Huántar - 51149086708.jpg","lic":"CC BY 2.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","by":"Apollo⠀","cap":"Chavín de Huántar"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chavin_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg/1280px-Chavin_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg","title":"Chavin - Août 2007.jpg","lic":"CC BY 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0","by":"Martin St-Amant (S23678)","cap":"El Castillo, part of the Chavín de Huantar ruins"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chavin_circular_plaza_cyark.jpg/1280px-Chavin_circular_plaza_cyark.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin_circular_plaza_cyark.jpg","title":"Chavin circular plaza cyark.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","by":"[archive.cyark.org CyArk]","cap":"The Circular Plaza Terrace was built up around the Circular Plaza in order to make the 21m-diameter plaza artificially sunken. Located within the Circular Plaza"},{"src":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Chavin_lanzon_stela_cyark.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin_lanzon_stela_cyark.jpg","title":"Chavin lanzon stela cyark.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","by":"CyArk","cap":"The Lanzon has been interpreted variously as a principal deity of Chavin, an oracle with the power to speak (thanks to a hole in the roof of the chamber), a sym"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar_-_51148191837.jpg/1280px-Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar_-_51148191837.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar_-_51148191837.jpg","title":"Chavín de Huántar - 51148191837.jpg","lic":"CC BY 2.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","by":"Apollo⠀","cap":"Chavín de Huántar"}]},"img":null,"md":null,"hh":[{"v":"575-706","u":"Hz","h":"H2 range","s":[51]},{"v":"826-1046","u":"Hz","h":"H3 range","s":[51]},{"v":"~40","u":"dB","h":"H2 suppression","s":[51]},{"v":"45-55","u":"dB","h":"H3 suppression","s":[51]}],"hs":{"51":["Kolar, Rick, Cook, Covey et al.","https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294582006_Ancient_Pututus_Contextualized_Integrative_Archaeoacoustics_at_Chavin_de_Huantar_Peru"]},"lh":{"s":"img/h/SAM-003.webp","w":1280,"h":726,"o":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar_-_51149086708.jpg/1280px-Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar_-_51149086708.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail"}}