{"it":{"id":"SAQ-SER","kind":"site","sub":"Egypt and Nubia","name":"Serapeum of Saqqara (Apis catacombs)","place":"Egypt","lat":29.875,"lon":31.212,"date":"Greater Vaults begun Psamtik I (664-610 BCE), extended to Ptolemaic era; earlier tombs…","mat":"Granite & other hard stone sarcophagi (24); limestone galleries","facts":[{"a":"Total gallery length (excl. side chambers)","v":"about 250","u":"m","r":22},{"a":"Number of doors","v":"4","r":22},{"a":"Number of chambers","v":"28","r":22},{"a":"Number of sarcophagi","v":"24","r":22},{"a":"Placement","v":"22 in middle of chambers; 1 left in gallery; 1 blocking a door","r":22},{"a":"Material","v":"22 granite; 2 compact limestone","r":22},{"a":"Typical size (H incl. lid × W × L)","v":"approx. 3.30 × 2.30 × nearly 4","u":"m","r":22},{"a":"Inscribed sarcophagi","v":"3 (Amasis – the largest; Khababash; one anonymous late Ptolemaic)","r":22},{"a":"Chamber height","v":"7–8","u":"m","r":22},{"a":"Gallery height","v":"4–5","u":"m","r":22},{"a":"Chamber floor below gallery floor","v":"2–3","u":"m","r":22},{"a":"Dry-stone walls built on lids","v":"about 2 m high","u":"m","r":22},{"a":"Mass (one sarcophagus with lid)","v":"65,000 kg (estimate in text)","u":"kg","r":22},{"a":"Measured box (one sarcophagus) L×W×H outer","v":"3.85 × 2.32 × 2.32","u":"m","r":23},{"a":"Hollow (interior) L×W×D","v":"3.17 × 1.46 × 1.73","u":"m","r":23},{"a":"Lid L×W×H","v":"3.85 × 2.32 × 0.92","u":"m","r":23},{"a":"Max. granite density used","v":"2956","u":"kg/m³","r":23},{"a":"Calculated mass, box","v":"37,585.8","u":"kg","r":23},{"a":"Calculated mass, lid","v":"24,439.8","u":"kg","r":23},{"a":"Calculated mass, total","v":"62,025.6","u":"kg","r":23},{"a":"Measured box L×W×H (Wikipedia figure)","v":"3.85 × 2.32 × 2.32","u":"m","r":24}],"nfacts":71,"tags":["Egypt"],"nsrc":12,"sum":"Underground at Saqqara, two dozen stone boxes sit in rock-cut chambers barely wider than they are. Auguste Mariette, who excavated the catacomb in the 1850s, reckoned each at not less than 65 tons; his engineer Linant-Bey calculated one, lid included, at about 62 tonnes at most. That is roughly 40 family cars, lowered into a room off a corridor.\n\nThis is the Serapeum, the burial place of the Apis bulls, sacred animals of ancient Egypt. The Greater Vaults were begun under Psamtik I (664–610 BCE) and extended into the Ptolemaic era, with earlier tombs nearby.\n\nWhat is established: the boxes are real, enormous and made of hard stone such as granite, and they sit in tight chambers. What is debated: how they were moved and placed in such small spaces. Claims that they are far older than the vaults, or were made by a lost civilisation, are speculation without dated evidence behind them.","why":"The Serapeum is a lesson in how a real engineering puzzle can attract unreal answers. The measurements are on this page, graded by source.","yt":"Mariette found winches and roller traces, and proposed lowering the boxes on sand. Does that method explain the tight chambers, or only part of the job?","rel":["GIZ-G1","W21LA09"],"hook":"Twenty-four stone boxes, each 60 tonnes or more, sunk into chambers below the gallery floors"},"S":{"22":["Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog"],"23":["Linant-Bey (Linant de Bellefonds), calculation in Mariette 1882, Appendix F p.113","https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog"],"24":["Wikipedia Serapeum of Saqqara","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara"]},"rec":{"id":"SAQ-SER","alias":[],"ms":[{"f":"Galleries","a":"Total gallery length (excl. side chambers)","v":"about 250","u":"m","o":"about 250","unc":"approx.","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.46 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Serapeum-gallery-length","id":"M0425"},{"f":"Galleries","a":"Number of doors","v":"4","u":"count","o":"4","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.46 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0426"},{"f":"Chambers","a":"Number of chambers","v":"28","u":"count","o":"28","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~53 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0427"},{"f":"Sarcophagi","a":"Number of sarcophagi","v":"24","u":"count","o":"24","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~53 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Serapeum-box-count","id":"M0428"},{"f":"Sarcophagi","a":"Placement","v":"22 in middle of chambers; 1 left in gallery; 1 blocking a door","u":"count","o":"22 in middle of chambers; 1 left in gallery; 1 blocking a door","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~53 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0429"},{"f":"Sarcophagi","a":"Material","v":"22 granite; 2 compact limestone","u":"count","o":"22 granite; 2 compact limestone","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~53 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Serapeum-materials","id":"M0430"},{"f":"Sarcophagi","a":"Typical size (H incl. lid × W × L)","v":"approx. 3.30 × 2.30 × nearly 4","u":"m","o":"approx. 3.30 × 2.30 × nearly 4","unc":"approx.","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~53 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Serapeum-box-dims","id":"M0431"},{"f":"Sarcophagi","a":"Inscribed sarcophagi","v":"3 (Amasis – the largest; Khababash; one anonymous late Ptolemaic)","u":"count","o":"3 (Amasis – the largest; Khababash; one anonymous late Ptolemaic)","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~53 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"V","bb":"2 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Serapeum-inscribed","id":"M0432"},{"f":"Chambers","a":"Chamber height","v":"7–8","u":"m","o":"7–8","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~80 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0433"},{"f":"Galleries","a":"Gallery height","v":"4–5","u":"m","o":"4–5","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~80 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0434"},{"f":"Chambers","a":"Chamber floor below gallery floor","v":"2–3","u":"m","o":"2–3","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~80 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0435"},{"f":"Chambers","a":"Dry-stone walls built on lids","v":"about 2 m high","u":"m","o":"about 2 m high","unc":"approx.","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~80 (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0436"},{"f":"Sarcophagi","a":"Mass (one sarcophagus with lid)","v":"65,000 kg (estimate in text)","u":"kg","o":"65,000 kg (estimate in text)","unc":"","by":"Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","pg":"p.~53/App. F (IA OCR; Heidelberg #0119 mirror)","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"V","bb":"3 independent surveyors report this attribute","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"ESTIMATE; conflict:Serapeum-box-mass","id":"M0437"},{"f":"Sarcophagi (Appendix F)","a":"Measured box (one sarcophagus) L×W×H outer","v":"3.85 × 2.32 × 2.32","u":"m","o":"3.85 × 2.32 × 2.32","unc":"","by":"Linant-Bey in Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Linant-Bey (Linant de Bellefonds), calculation in Mariette 1882, Appendix F p.113","pg":"App. F p.113","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Serapeum-box-dims","id":"M0438"},{"f":"Sarcophagi (Appendix F)","a":"Hollow (interior) L×W×D","v":"3.17 × 1.46 × 1.73","u":"m","o":"3.17 × 1.46 × 1.73","unc":"","by":"Linant-Bey in Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Linant-Bey (Linant de Bellefonds), calculation in Mariette 1882, Appendix F p.113","pg":"App. F p.113","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Serapeum-box-dims","id":"M0439"},{"f":"Sarcophagi (Appendix F)","a":"Lid L×W×H","v":"3.85 × 2.32 × 0.92","u":"m","o":"3.85 × 2.32 × 0.92","unc":"","by":"Linant-Bey in Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Linant-Bey (Linant de Bellefonds), calculation in Mariette 1882, Appendix F p.113","pg":"App. F p.113","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"conflict:Serapeum-box-dims","id":"M0440"},{"f":"Sarcophagi (Appendix F)","a":"Max. granite density used","v":"2956","u":"kg/m³","o":"2956","unc":"","by":"Linant-Bey in Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Linant-Bey (Linant de Bellefonds), calculation in Mariette 1882, Appendix F p.113","pg":"App. F p.113","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0441"},{"f":"Sarcophagi (Appendix F)","a":"Calculated mass, box","v":"37,585.8","u":"kg","o":"37,585.8","unc":"","by":"Linant-Bey in Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Linant-Bey (Linant de Bellefonds), calculation in Mariette 1882, Appendix F p.113","pg":"App. F p.113","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"CALCULATED ESTIMATE from dims × density, not weighed; conflict:Serapeum-box-mass","id":"M0442"},{"f":"Sarcophagi (Appendix F)","a":"Calculated mass, lid","v":"24,439.8","u":"kg","o":"24,439.8","unc":"","by":"Linant-Bey in Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Linant-Bey (Linant de Bellefonds), calculation in Mariette 1882, Appendix F p.113","pg":"App. F p.113","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"CALCULATED ESTIMATE from dims × density, not weighed; conflict:Serapeum-box-mass","id":"M0443"},{"f":"Sarcophagi (Appendix F)","a":"Calculated mass, total","v":"62,025.6","u":"kg","o":"62,025.6","unc":"","by":"Linant-Bey in Mariette 1882","yr":"1882","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Linant-Bey (Linant de Bellefonds), calculation in Mariette 1882, Appendix F p.113","pg":"App. F p.113","url":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog","b":"S","bb":"one surveyor; value read from opened source","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"CALCULATED ESTIMATE from dims × density, not weighed; conflict:Serapeum-box-mass","id":"M0444"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Gallery length","v":"380 m","u":"m","o":"380 m","unc":"","by":"Arab Contractors 2012 (restoration press)","yr":"2012","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Arab Contractors 2012 (restoration press)","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"secondary; URL not retained; conflict:Serapeum-gallery-length","id":"M0445"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Mass per sarcophagus","v":"85 t","u":"t","o":"85 t","unc":"","by":"Arab Contractors 2012","yr":"2012","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Arab Contractors 2012","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"secondary estimate; conflict:Serapeum-box-mass","id":"M0446"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Gallery length","v":"382 yards","u":"yd","o":"382 yards","unc":"","by":"Condé Nast Traveller","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Condé Nast Traveller","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"secondary; conflict:Serapeum-gallery-length","id":"M0447"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Mass per sarcophagus","v":"70–100 t","u":"t","o":"70–100 t","unc":"","by":"Condé Nast Traveller","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Condé Nast Traveller","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"secondary; conflict:Serapeum-box-mass","id":"M0448"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Mass","v":"~40 t box + ~25 t lid","u":"t","o":"~40 t box + ~25 t lid","unc":"","by":"Wikipedia","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Wikipedia","pg":"—","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"tertiary; conflict:Serapeum-box-mass","id":"M0449"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Inscribed sarcophagi","v":"4 of 24","u":"count","o":"4 of 24","unc":"","by":"Wikipedia","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Wikipedia","pg":"—","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"tertiary; conflict:Serapeum-inscribed (Mariette: 3)","id":"M0450"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Mass","v":"up to 70 t","u":"t","o":"up to 70 t","unc":"","by":"Ahram Online / archaeology.wiki","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Ahram Online / archaeology.wiki","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"secondary; conflict:Serapeum-box-mass","id":"M0451"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Objects in opened galleries","v":"27 items (incl. 2 lids, 2 empty niches)","u":"count","o":"27 items (incl. 2 lids, 2 empty niches)","unc":"","by":"ISIDA Project 2012 (hobbyist)","yr":"2012","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"ISIDA Project 2012 (hobbyist)","pg":"—","url":"https://isida-project.ucoz.com/egypt_2012/saqqara_serapeum.htm","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"hobbyist survey; not a citable report","id":"M0452"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Amasis sarcophagus external dims","v":"3.8 × 2.5 × 2.4","u":"m","o":"3.8 × 2.5 × 2.4","unc":"","by":"ISIDA Project (hobbyist)","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"ISIDA Project (hobbyist)","pg":"—","url":"https://isida-project.ucoz.com/egypt_2012/saqqara_serapeum.htm","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"hobbyist; conflict:Serapeum-box-dims","id":"M0453"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Sarcophagus No.17 external dims","v":"3.8 × 2.17 × 2.3","u":"m","o":"3.8 × 2.17 × 2.3","unc":"","by":"ISIDA Project (hobbyist)","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"ISIDA Project (hobbyist)","pg":"—","url":"https://isida-project.ucoz.com/egypt_2012/saqqara_serapeum.htm","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"hobbyist; conflict:Serapeum-box-dims","id":"M0454"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Materials per object","v":"red/grey granite, diorite, granodiorite, syenite porphyry, gabbro-diorite (hobbyist identifications)","u":"—","o":"red/grey granite, diorite, granodiorite, syenite porphyry, gabbro-diorite (hobbyist identifications)","unc":"","by":"ISIDA Project (hobbyist)","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"ISIDA Project (hobbyist)","pg":"—","url":"https://isida-project.ucoz.com/egypt_2012/saqqara_serapeum.htm","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"hobbyist; conflict:Serapeum-materials (Mariette: 22 granite + 2 limestone)","id":"M0455"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Flatness / squareness of interiors","v":"claims of 90° corners, no numeric tolerances published","u":"—","o":"claims of 90° corners, no numeric tolerances published","unc":"","by":"ISIDA Project (hobbyist)","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"ISIDA Project (hobbyist)","pg":"—","url":"https://isida-project.ucoz.com/egypt_2012/saqqara_serapeum.htm","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"hobbyist; no citable measurement report found","id":"M0456"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"Bull-cult catalogue / burial counts","v":"Dodson 2005 'Bull Cults' in Divine Creatures pp.72-102","u":"—","o":"Dodson 2005 'Bull Cults' in Divine Creatures pp.72-102","unc":"","by":"Dodson 2005","yr":"2005","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"Dodson 2005","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"not opened (print/paywall)","id":"M0457"},{"f":"Secondary / hobbyist / not opened","a":"3D survey of galleries","v":"none found","u":"—","o":"none found","unc":"","by":"—","yr":"","m":"as published (see citation)","c":"—","pg":"—","url":"—","b":"S","bb":"source not confirmed in Oct-13 set ([unverified])","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"no published 3D survey located","id":"M0458"},{"f":"Sarcophagi","a":"mass incl. lid (max)","v":"up to 62","u":"t","o":"","unc":"","by":"via Wikipedia","yr":"","m":"estimate","c":"via Wikipedia","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara","b":"I","bb":"Compare imported Mariette figures","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0493"},{"f":"Sarcophagi","a":"Measured box L×W×H (Wikipedia figure)","v":"3.85 × 2.32 × 2.32","u":"m","o":"","unc":"","by":"Wikipedia (derived from Mariette App. F)","yr":"","m":"—","c":"Wikipedia Serapeum of Saqqara","pg":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara","b":"S","bb":"Matches Linant-Bey; derivative, not independent","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M0505"},{"f":"were buried in large sarcophagi which weigh around","a":"mass","v":"40","u":"tonne","o":"From the Late Period onward, most Apis were buried in large sarcophagi, which weigh around 40 tonne and have 25 tonne lids.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2380"},{"f":"sarcophagi which weigh around 40 tonne and have","a":"mass","v":"25","u":"tonne","o":"From the Late Period onward, most Apis were buried in large sarcophagi, which weigh around 40 tonne and have 25 tonne lids.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2381"},{"f":"and extended during the Ptolemaic dynasty to approximately","a":"length","v":"350","u":"m","o":"A second gallery of chambers, now called the \"Greater Vaults\", was commenced under Psamtik I (664–610 BC) of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty and extended during the Ptolemaic dynasty to approximately 350 m in length along with a parallel service tunnel.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2382"},{"f":"made of hard stone weighing as much as","a":"mass","v":"62","u":"tonne","o":"From Amasis II to the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty, the sarcophagi for the Apis bulls were made of hard stone, weighing as much as 62 tonne each, including the lid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2383"},{"f":"bulls were buried in splendor reportedly 100 talents","a":"mass","v":"2.6","u":"t","o":"The bulls were buried in splendor, reportedly 100 talents (2.6 t of silver) were spent by the caretakers for the obsequies at the time of Diodorus, in the first century BC.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2384"},{"f":"Most are over","a":"width","v":"2","u":"m","o":"Most are over 2 m in width and height and almost twice as long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2385"},{"f":"They weigh around","a":"mass","v":"40","u":"t","o":"They weigh around 40 t, excluding their lids which are about half as heavy.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2386"},{"f":"Greater Vaults to have a total mass of","a":"mass","v":"62","u":"t","o":"Linant de Bellefonds calculated one of the large sarcophagi of the Greater Vaults to have a total mass of 62 t at most: 37.6 t for the body and 24.4 t for the lid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2387"},{"f":"a total mass of 62 t at most","a":"mass","v":"37.6","u":"t","o":"Linant de Bellefonds calculated one of the large sarcophagi of the Greater Vaults to have a total mass of 62 t at most: 37.6 t for the body and 24.4 t for the lid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2388"},{"f":"most 37 6 t for the body and","a":"mass","v":"24.4","u":"t","o":"Linant de Bellefonds calculated one of the large sarcophagi of the Greater Vaults to have a total mass of 62 t at most: 37.6 t for the body and 24.4 t for the lid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2389"},{"f":"The stone had external dimensions of","a":"height","v":"2.32","u":"m","o":"The stone had external dimensions of 2.32 m in height and width, and 3.85 m in length.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2390"},{"f":"2 32 m in height and width and","a":"length","v":"3.85","u":"m","o":"The stone had external dimensions of 2.32 m in height and width, and 3.85 m in length.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2391"},{"f":"Internally the rectangular hollow was","a":"height","v":"1.73","u":"m","o":"Internally, the rectangular hollow was 1.73 m high, 1.46 m wide and 3.17 m long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2392"},{"f":"the rectangular hollow was 1 73 m high","a":"width","v":"1.46","u":"m","o":"Internally, the rectangular hollow was 1.73 m high, 1.46 m wide and 3.17 m long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2393"},{"f":"73 m high 1 46 m wide and","a":"length","v":"3.17","u":"m","o":"Internally, the rectangular hollow was 1.73 m high, 1.46 m wide and 3.17 m long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2394"},{"f":"The lid had a height of","a":"height","v":"98","u":"cm","o":"The lid had a height of 98 cm.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2395"},{"f":"Serapeum burial chambers","a":"floor depth below hallway","v":"2–3","u":"m","o":"The floors of the burial chambers lie 2 - 3 m below that of the hallway, thus the sarcophagi had to be lowered to their final positions.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: library cross-check: chamber floors below gallery","id":"M2396"},{"f":"ancient Egyptians cut recesses into the bedrock about","a":"depth","v":"1","u":"m","o":"For further protection, the ancient Egyptians cut recesses into the bedrock, about 1 m deep, with the exact width and length of the sarcophagi.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2397"},{"f":"Vaults was enlarged and extended ultimately totalling over","a":"length","v":"200","u":"m","o":"The main corridor of the Greater Vaults was enlarged and extended, ultimately totalling over 200 m in length.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1379425034 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2398"},{"f":"site point","a":"elevation (DEM SRTM 30 m)","v":"47","u":"m","o":"","unc":"","by":"NASA SRTM via OpenTopoData","yr":"2026","m":"as stated","c":"NASA SRTM via OpenTopoData","pg":"","url":"https://api.opentopodata.org/v1/srtm30m","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"at sites-table coordinate","id":"M3287"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"outer surface flatness of a granite box","v":"no visible deviation (no light gap)","u":"qualitative","o":"","unc":"not quantified","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"1995 (24 Feb)","m":"steel parallel edge + flashlight light-gap test, in crypt [ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza; quote W20DQ002]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM002; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3914"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"inner surface flatness of a second (broken) granite box","v":"no errors found","u":"qualitative","o":"","unc":"not quantified","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"1995 (24 Feb)","m":"steel parallel + flashlight, inside box [ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza; quote W20DQ003]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM003; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3915"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"lid underside and box top-surface flatness","v":"both \"perfectly flat\"","u":"qualitative","o":"","unc":"not quantified","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"1995 (24 Feb)","m":"steel parallel + flashlight [ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza; quote W20DQ004]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM004; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3916"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"box size (L x W x H)","v":"approx 13 x 7.5 x 11","u":"ft","o":"","unc":"approximate","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"1995","m":"not stated (estimate) [ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza; quote W20DQ005]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM005; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3917"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"crypt floor depth below tunnel floor","v":"about 4","u":"ft","o":"","unc":"approximate","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"1995","m":"not stated (estimate) [ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza; quote W20DQ006]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM006; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3918"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"count of boxes","v":"21","u":"count","o":"","unc":"","by":"Christopher Dunn (reported)","yr":"1995","m":"not stated [ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza; quote W20DQ007]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM007; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3919"},{"f":"W20D Dunn","a":"mass per box / box+lid","v":"~65 / ~100","u":"tons","o":"","unc":"estimate","by":"Christopher Dunn (reported estimate)","yr":"1998","m":"estimate (source not stated) [ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza; quote W20DQ008]","c":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","pg":"ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","url":"file:books/upload4.epub","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W20DM008; advocate source (Dunn)","id":"M3920"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"instrument: steel parallel edge accuracy (tool spec, not artifact reading)","v":"0.0002","u":"in","o":"","unc":"tool spec","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"1995","m":"tool specification [Dunn 2010 p.115; quote W21LQ007]","c":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","pg":"Dunn 2010 p.115","url":"file:books/upload5.pdf","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn 2010); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W21LM007; advocate source (Dunn 2010)","id":"M3955"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"box flatness reading claimed","v":"within 0.0002 (= gauge tolerance)","u":"in","o":"","unc":"bounded by gauge; light-gap only","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"1995","m":"straightedge light-gap test [Dunn 2010 p.127; quote W21LQ008]","c":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","pg":"Dunn 2010 p.127","url":"file:books/upload5.pdf","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn 2010); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W21LM008; advocate source (Dunn 2010)","id":"M3956"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"entrance-hall rough granite box: solid / roughed-out mass (calc)","v":"~55 solid; ~38 roughed out","u":"tons","o":"","unc":"calc from est. dims at 175 lb/ft3","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"2001","m":"dimension estimate x density [Dunn 2010 p.116; quote W21LQ009]","c":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","pg":"Dunn 2010 p.116","url":"file:books/upload5.pdf","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn 2010); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W21LM009; advocate source (Dunn 2010)","id":"M3957"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"count of boxes","v":"more than 22","u":"count","o":"","unc":"","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"1995","m":"not stated [Dunn 2010 p.126; quote W21LQ010]","c":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","pg":"Dunn 2010 p.126","url":"file:books/upload5.pdf","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn 2010); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W21LM010; advocate source (Dunn 2010)","id":"M3958"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"box mass (claim)","v":"70","u":"tons","o":"","unc":"unsourced","by":"Christopher Dunn (reported)","yr":"2010","m":"not stated [Dunn 2010 p.126; quote W21LQ011]","c":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","pg":"Dunn 2010 p.126","url":"file:books/upload5.pdf","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn 2010); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W21LM011; advocate source (Dunn 2010)","id":"M3959"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"lid underside / box surfaces, 2001 light test with calibrated 14-in square","v":"no light gap (not a tolerance)","u":"qualitative","o":"","unc":"Dunn: does not mean flat to the square tolerance","by":"Christopher Dunn (with Gail Fallen)","yr":"2001","m":"square calibrated 0.00005 in + light test [Dunn 2010 p.132; quote W21LQ012]","c":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","pg":"Dunn 2010 p.132","url":"file:books/upload5.pdf","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn 2010); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W21LM012; advocate source (Dunn 2010)","id":"M3960"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"box surface, 12-in hardened straightedge","v":"no deviation detected","u":"qualitative","o":"","unc":"not quantified","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"2001","m":"straightedge light-gap [Dunn 2010 p.132; quote W21LQ013]","c":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","pg":"Dunn 2010 p.132","url":"file:books/upload5.pdf","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn 2010); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W21LM013; advocate source (Dunn 2010)","id":"M3961"},{"f":"W21L Dunn 2010","a":"inside corner squareness in the horizontal plane","v":"not checked","u":"n/a","o":"","unc":"","by":"Christopher Dunn","yr":"2001","m":"not performed (time constraints) [Dunn 2010 p.133; quote W21LQ014]","c":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","pg":"Dunn 2010 p.133","url":"file:books/upload5.pdf","b":"S","bb":"advocate single source (Dunn 2010); as stated","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"staging W21LM014; advocate source (Dunn 2010)","id":"M3962"}],"lab":[{"k":"Materials","mat":"Sarcophagi","m":"none published","v":"No published petrography/XRF or machining-tolerance study found for the 24 boxes","by":"—","b":"I","url":"[gap]"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"All surviving coffers are made out of \"costly stone\" (granite, basalt, diorite, etc.), whereas the older sarcophagi, which are now lost, may have been of limestone, Gunn contended.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"All surviving coffers are made out of \"costly stone\" (granite, basalt, diorite, etc.), whereas the older sarcophagi, which are now lost, may have been of limestone, Gunn contended.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"All surviving coffers are made out of \"costly stone\" (granite, basalt, diorite, etc.), whereas the older sarcophagi, which are now lost, may have been of limestone, Gunn contended.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"All surviving coffers are made out of \"costly stone\" (granite, basalt, diorite, etc.), whereas the older sarcophagi, which are now lost, may have been of limestone, Gunn contended.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034"}],"eng":[{"cl":"tool_marks","a":"Box interior finish","v":"claims of precise 90° corners; no numeric tolerance published","u":" —","m":"—","c":"ISIDA (hobbyist, imported)","b":"I","cr":"No published metrology survey exists"}],"ori":[],"gaps":[{"a":"slope_face_angle","r":"no published face/slope angle in sources reached (often n/a for non-pyramidal sites)"},{"a":"wall_batter","r":"no published batter survey in free sources"},{"a":"orientation","r":"no published azimuth reached"},{"a":"quarry_source","r":"not found in free sources reached"},{"a":"mortar","r":"dry-stone construction or no binder analysis in free sources"},{"a":"dating","r":"no absolute date extracted"},{"a":"volume_labor","r":"no volume/labour estimate in sources opened"},{"a":"construction_phases","r":"no phase sequence in sources opened"},{"a":"lab_date_material","r":"no lab date with dated material in sources opened"},{"a":"hydrology_acoustics","r":"no published hydrology/acoustic measurement in sources opened"},{"a":"magnetic_radiation","r":"no published magnetic/radiation survey found (searched site name + magnetometry/radiation; Wikipedia, Google Scholar snippets)"},{"a":"metals_clamps","r":"no metal/clamp evidence reported in sources opened"},{"a":"excavation_history","r":"no excavation history row yet"}],"dat":[],"aa":[{"id":"AA004","a":"machined modern tolerances","who":"Dunn; hobbyist measurements (ISIDA); Foerster; Dunn","main":"abrasive/copper working; Late Period inscriptions","ms":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara","st":"no data","n":"no peer-reviewed metrology; read-only Giza library holds hobbyist data | W20D W20DN001 (Dunn, advocate; status for this sub-claim: unresolved): Surfaces flat to machine precision (parallel light-gap, 1995) - Merge with AA004 (no data) / C005. Dunn gives only qualitative light-gap test vs a .0002-in tool edge; no number on the box itself. DB M0456: no numeric tolerances published. | W20D W20DN002 (Dunn, advocate; status for this sub-claim: contradicted): Box ~65 t, ~100 t with lid; 21 boxes - Measured-dimension calc in DB contradicts Dunn mass. Count 21 vs 24 may reflect tunnel subset. Merge with AA004. | W21L W21LN001 (Dunn 2010, advocate; sub-claim status unresolved): Flat to 0.0002 in; light-tested with 0.00005-in square (1995, 2001) - Merge AA004. \"0.0002\" is the gauge tolerance; Dunn himself says no-light-gap \"does not mean\" flat to the square; horizontal corner squareness not checked. Single source (Dunn). No independent measurer. | W21L W21LN002 (Dunn 2010, advocate; sub-claim status contradicted): \"70 tons\"; >22 boxes; entrance box ~55 t solid/~38 t roughed - 70 t overstates DB 62 t total; also differs from his own GPP ~65/~100 t (W20D M3920). Merge AA004.","nl":49}],"ac":[{"v":"Boxes machined to modern tolerances; interior flatness/right angles impossible by hand","who":"Dunn; hobbyist measurements (ISIDA)","url":"https://isida-project.ucoz.com/egypt_2012/saqqara_serapeum.htm","b":"S","ce":"No peer-reviewed metrology exists either way. Inscriptions (Amasis II, Cambyses era) and Psamtik-era galleries date the boxes to 1st mill. BCE | W20DN001: Dunn 1995 test was a qualitative light-gap check with a .0002-in tool edge; no number on any box (W20DG01)"},{"v":"Boxes predate Egyptians and were never for bulls","who":"Foerster; Dunn","url":"[claimant]","b":"I","ce":"Mariette found 2 undisturbed Apis burials and thousands of dated stelae; 4 boxes inscribed with royal names"}],"me":[{"v":"Late Period/Ptolemaic Apis-bull burial gallery; granite boxes quarried and shaped with abrasives & copper/stone, moved with rollers, winches, lowered via sand-fill technique.","ev":"Mariette 1850-53 excavation: undisturbed Apis burials, dated stelae, inscribed sarcophagi (Amasis II), gallery construction tied to Psamtik I","s":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara"}],"ci":[{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"The Giza Power Plant (2011 ed.), ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza [quote W20DQ049]","v":"Boxes finished to surface-plate precision underground; no modern firm could replicate","b":"S","s":["W20DS01"]},{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt (2010), p.128 [quote W21LQ052]","v":"Boxes required sophisticated machinery; a modern surface-plate firm could not replicate","b":"S","s":["W21LS01"]},{"who":"Christopher Dunn","med":"book","ep":"Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt (2010), p.333 [quote W21LQ062]","v":"Boxes likely date near the pyramids, not Ptolemaic/Late Period","b":"S","s":["W21LS01"]}],"cq":[{"id":"W20DQ002","th":"outer surface flatness of a granite box","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","q":"placed my parallel against the outside surface of the box. It was perfectly flat.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ003","th":"inner surface flatness of a second (broken) granite box","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","q":"I was astonished to find it astoundingly flat. I looked for errors and could not find any.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ004","th":"lid underside and box top-surface flatness","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","q":"Checking the lid and the surface on which it sat, I found them both to be perfectly flat.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ005","th":"box size (L x W x H)","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","q":"The granite boxes were approximately 13-feet long, 7-1/2-feet wide, and 11-feet high.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ006","th":"crypt floor depth below tunnel floor","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","q":"The floors of the crypts were about four feet below the tunnel floor","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ007","th":"count of boxes","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","q":"These tunnels contain twenty-one huge granite and basalt boxes.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ008","th":"mass per box / box+lid","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","q":"Each box weighs an estimated sixty-five tons","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W20DQ049","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2011 ed., ch.5 Amazing Discovery at Giza","q":"I have contacted four precision granite manufacturers in the United States and not one can do this kind of work.","s":["W20DS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ007","th":"instrument: steel parallel edge accuracy (tool spec, not artifact reading)","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.115 (pdf 159)","q":"The edge on the parallel was accurate to within 0.0002 inch","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ008","th":"box flatness reading claimed","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.127 (pdf 171)","q":"the stone is flat within the tolerance of the gauge-in this case 0.0002 inch","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ009","th":"entrance-hall rough granite box: solid / roughed-out mass (calc)","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.116 (pdf 160)","q":"With this material removed, the box weighs approximately 38 tons.","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ010","th":"count of boxes","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.126 (pdf 170)","q":"Along the dusty corridors were more than twenty-two large boxes.","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ011","th":"mass of a box transported (claim)","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.126 (pdf 170)","q":"Why did the Egyptians transport 70 tons of rock five hundred miles","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ012","th":"lid underside / box surfaces, 2001 light test with calibrated 14-in square","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.132 (pdf 176)","q":"this does not mean that the surface was flat within nanometers or wavelengths of light-or even the tolerance of the square.","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ013","th":"box surface, 12-in hardened straightedge","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.132 (pdf 176)","q":"I detected no deviation on a horizontal or ver","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ014","th":"inside corner squareness in the horizontal plane","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.133 (pdf 177)","q":"The squareness of the inside corner of the box in the horizontal plane was not checked at this time","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ052","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.128 (pdf 172)","q":"Tru-Stone did not have the equip ment to create this box","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ062","th":"claim","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.333 (pdf 377)","q":"it is more than likely that they were created close to the same time as the pyramids","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ076","th":"hair scale","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.115 (pdf 159)","q":"or 1/1 0 the thickness of a human hair.","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ089","th":"discrepancy","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.126 (pdf 170)","q":"Why did the Egyptians transport 70 tons of rock five hundred miles","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"},{"id":"W21LQ090","th":"discrepancy","loc":"Dunn 2010, p.126 (pdf 170)","q":"Along the dusty corridors were more than twenty-two large boxes.","s":["W21LS01"],"b":"S"}],"sd":[{"id":"W21LP011","topic":"Serapeum box mass","pv":"62,025.6 kg box+lid (DB M0444); GPP ~65 t / ~100 t (M3920)","ps":"W21LS05","dv":"\"70 tons\" transported","dl":"Dunn 2010 p.126","sev":"moderate","who":"Christopher Dunn","s":["W21LS01","W21LS05"]},{"id":"W21LP012","topic":"Serapeum box count","pv":"GPP: 21 boxes (M3919); Mariette 24 sarcophagi","ps":"W21LS12","dv":"\"more than twenty-two\"","dl":"Dunn 2010 p.126","sev":"minor","who":"Christopher Dunn","s":["W21LS01","W21LS12"]}],"sub":[],"site":{"age":"Greater Vaults begun Psamtik I (664-610 BCE), extended to Ptolemaic era; earlier tombs from Amenhotep III","dm":"Inscribed stelae and dated sarcophagi (Mariette 1882); inscription of Amasis II on boxes","lab":"NO: inference only (style/context/king list/textual)","weak":"no direct lab result on the structure in our records; date from stylistic, contextual or textual inference","unesco":"","dens":"MEDIUM"},"co":{"lat":"29.8754","lon":"31.2125","src":"Wikidata P625 only + curated wave0 value agrees","agree":"agree","b":"V","note":"wave8: site polygon centroid; ~0.28 km from primary (delta 0.0029 deg)","osm":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/ui/details.html?osmtype=W&osmid=246010717"},"src":[{"id":"S0022","t":"Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","u":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog"},{"id":null,"t":"Arab Contractors 2012 (restoration press)","u":"—"},{"id":"S0658","t":"ISIDA Project 2012 (hobbyist)","u":"https://isida-project.ucoz.com/egypt_2012/saqqara_serapeum.htm"},{"id":null,"t":"NASA SRTM via OpenTopoData","u":"https://api.opentopodata.org/v1/srtm30m"},{"id":"W20DS01","t":"W20DS01; Dunn, The Giza Power Plant","u":"file:books/upload4.epub"},{"id":"W21LS01","t":"W21LS01; Dunn, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt","u":"file:books/upload5.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"—","u":"[gap]"},{"id":null,"t":"[claimant]","u":"[claimant]"},{"id":"W21LS05","t":"Mariette 1882 / Linant-Bey App. F - via DB rows M0430-M0444 (not re-fetched)","u":"https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog"},{"id":"W21LS12","t":"Dunn, The Giza Power Plant (1998/2011) - prior-book figures for cross-check","u":"raw/wave20_dunn/ (W20D staging, ingested as DB AA273-AA281, M3914-M3950)"},{"id":"VSAQ-SER-1","t":"Mariette: The Serapeum of Memphis, English translation (PDF)","u":"https://pdfs.petrieproject.com/the-serapeum-of-memphis-english-translation-auguste-mariette.pdf"},{"id":"S0604","t":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara"},{"id":"S0383","t":"no inline ref in article","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serapeum_of_Saqqara&oldid=1379425034"},{"id":null,"t":"Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, “Serapeum”, Egyptian Monuments (consulted 31 Oct 2026).","u":"https://egymonuments.gov.eg/en/monuments/serapeum/"},{"id":null,"t":"Musée du Louvre, Apis statue, N 390, discovered by Mariette in the chapel of Nectanebo I, Serapeum (collections database).","u":"https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010007389"},{"id":null,"t":"Nicholson, P.T. 2022. Sacred Animals at Saqqara. Heritage 5(2): 64.","u":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/5/2/64"},{"id":null,"t":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Memphis and its Necropolis: the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur” (list no. 86).","u":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/86/"},{"id":null,"t":"Dunn, C. 2001/2003. The Amazing Boxes of the Serapeum. gizapower.com (consulted 31 Oct 2026).","u":"https://gizapower.com/Precision.htm"}],"sum":"# The Serapeum of Saqqara: Twenty-Four Stone Boxes for a God\n\nDeep under the desert at Saqqara, Auguste Mariette found one of the great stone boxes stuck halfway into its chamber, abandoned by the men who had been lowering it more than two thousand years before. He decided to finish the job. He put four workmen into the side niches of the chamber and had them carry on the work, clearing away beneath it, and watched it go down. It sank into place, he wrote, \"avec une régularité parfaite,\" with perfect regularity. Packed as it was with stones, he reckoned it must have weighed more than 100,000 kilograms.\n\nThat small experiment sits at the centre of one of Egypt's most argued-over monuments. The boxes are real, enormous and cut from hard stone. How they were made and placed is a genuine engineering question. Who made them, and when, is mostly written on the record.\n\n## A cemetery for sacred bulls\n\nThe Serapeum is the burial place of the Apis bulls, sacred animals associated with the god Ptah, whose cult centre was at nearby Memphis. Egypt's Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities dates its use from Amenhotep III in the New Kingdom through the Ptolemaic period. At least sixty Apis are attested there over roughly 1,400 years. Two sons of Ramesses II, Khaemwaset and Merenptah, gave bulls, jewellery and shabtis as high priests of Ptah, and Khaemwaset's tunnel with side chambers is now called the Lesser Vaults.\n\nThe Greater Vaults, with the giant boxes, came later. The oldest stela in that gallery says it was begun in year 52 of Psamtik I, whose reign ran from 664 to 610 BCE. It was later extended in Ptolemaic times, to about 350 m by the modern figure, with a parallel service tunnel. Mariette's own account gives about 250 m for the galleries, not counting side chambers.\n\nA Late Period funeral lasted 70 days, 68 of them for embalming. Diodorus reported that one bull's obsequies in the first century BCE cost a hundred talents of silver, about 2.6 tonnes. Mariette, lifting the lid of one intact burial, at first thought the coffin was empty. Then he saw a bull's head resting on a dark mass that turned out to be fragrant bitumen mixed with flakes of gold and broken bones. The site was abandoned soon after 30 BCE. Today it lies inside the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Memphis and its Necropolis.\n\n## Rediscovery\n\nMariette had come to Egypt in 1850 on a French government mission. At Saqqara he noticed a sphinx's head sticking out of the sand, cleared it, and found it was one of a long avenue. Strabo had seen sphinxes there centuries earlier so deeply drifted over that some were \"buried even to the head.\" Mariette followed the avenue to the temple at its end. On 23 March 1851 he found a painted limestone Apis, 1.26 m high, in a small chapel of Nectanebo I, now in the Louvre. On 12 November 1851 he first entered the catacombs.\n\nHe recovered two undisturbed burials and thousands of objects, including stelae recording the birth, installation and death of individual bulls, which became key to building Egypt's chronology in the 19th century. Much of his record was lost. Many notes were destroyed when the Nile flooded the Boulaq museum in 1878, and his excavation diary was borrowed and never returned. Gaston Maspero published one volume from what survived in 1882.\n\n## The boxes by the numbers\n\nMariette counted 24 sarcophagi in 28 chambers: 22 in the rooms made for them, one apparently abandoned on the way, and one deliberately blocking a doorway. He listed 22 of granite and two of compact limestone, each about 3.3 m high with the lid, 2.3 m wide and nearly 4 m long. The chambers are 7 to 8 m high, and their floors lie 2 to 3 m below the gallery floor.\n\nHis engineer, Linant de Bellefonds, measured one box at 3.85 m long and 2.32 m high and wide, with a hollow of 3.17 by 1.46 by 1.73 m and a lid 0.92 m high. Using a granite density of 2,956 kg per cubic metre, he calculated 37.6 tonnes for the box and 24.4 for the lid, about 62 tonnes in all. Mariette, reporting the same work, gives 65,000 kilograms, and says the smallest of the granite boxes weighs no less. Later popular figures run to 70, 85 or even 100 tonnes, but the excavator's own engineer gave about 62.\n\n## Winches, rollers and sand\n\nMariette found two horizontal winches of sycamore wood, each worked by eight levers, inside one chamber. He reasoned that the Egyptians had not carried them down there for nothing. He could still see the traces of rollers on the gallery floors. The Egyptologist Heinrich Brugsch, visiting in 1853, recorded \"double rails\" clear on the floor of the Ptolemaic service tunnel.\n\nThe hard part was the last few metres. Mariette's answer was to fill the chamber with sand up to the gallery floor, slide the box in on the level, then dig the sand out through side niches so that it settled into a recess cut to its footprint. His own test, on the box left halfway down, worked. And a stela from year 37 of Ptolemy II, about 247 BCE, records that moving one sarcophagus and lid into its chamber took 28 working days.\n\n## Names on the stone\n\nMariette could date only three boxes; a modern count puts it at four. One was dedicated by Amasis II around 550 BCE. One, a grey granite box blocking a doorway, carries the name of the Persian king Cambyses II. A smaller box at the mouth of an unused tunnel is dated to year 2 of the rebel king Khababash, around 336 BCE, with its lid lying nearby; Brugsch concluded the two were never closed over a bull. The fourth has empty cartouches and may be from the reign of Ptolemy XII or Cleopatra. Of the others, Mariette wrote, nothing would ever be known except that they once held an Apis.\n\nAncient robbers had been there first, while hieroglyphs could still be read. They scratched out bull names on stelae, tore mummies apart and piled stones on the boxes. In 1862 the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, had lunch with his party inside one of them.\n\n## An engineer with a straightedge\n\nThe strongest alternative case comes from a machinist. Christopher Dunn, who has worked in manufacturing for decades, inspected two boxes in 1995 with a straightedge accurate to 0.0002 inch, and reported their surfaces \"perfectly flat.\" In 2001 he checked a lid's underside against the inner walls with a square and found them square. He says four precision granite firms he contacted could not do this kind of work, and he takes the boxes as evidence of a higher civilisation in prehistory, made for a purpose beyond burial. He also notes that the dating rests on finds around the boxes rather than the boxes themselves.\n\nHis readings are real observations. A six-inch gauge, though, tests a few inches at a time, not a face several metres long, and no full flatness survey of a whole box has been published either way. Against an older origin stand the royal names on the boxes, the dated stelae from Psamtik I to the Ptolemies, a Ptolemaic record of installation time, a box left lidless under Khababash, and the winches and rails on the floor. Why finish the inside of a box no one would see, for an animal? Because the Apis was a god, and its burial was a state project. That explains motive. It does not, by itself, explain every step of method.\n\nThe galleries closed after the 1992 earthquake, were stabilised from 2001 to 2012, and excavation resumed in 2020.\n\n## The box halfway down\n\nGo back to the chamber where Mariette found that box stopped mid-descent. Picture it: sixty-odd tonnes of polished stone hanging in a cut too tight for more than a handful of men, its sides almost touching the walls. Four men crouch in the side niches, working beneath it. And under the weight, a little at a time, the ground gives way, until the box settles into the bed cut for it and stops.","qs":["Mariette found winches and roller traces, and proposed lowering the boxes on sand. Does that method explain the tight chambers, or only part of the job?","Twenty-one of the twenty-four boxes carry no date. Does a blank box point to a forgotten maker, or just to a job no one signed?","Mariette found the winches and the rollers' traces but no record of the work itself. What would it take to rebuild one installation, step by step, and test it?"],"gal":[{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Serapeum_gate.jpg/1280px-Serapeum_gate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serapeum_gate.jpg","title":"Serapeum gate.jpg","lic":"CC BY 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0","by":"Happa","cap":"Entrance to the Serapeum of Saqqara."},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amulet-AF_2333-IMG_2471-white.jpg/1280px-Amulet-AF_2333-IMG_2471-white.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amulet-AF_2333-IMG_2471-white.jpg","title":"Amulet-AF 2333-IMG 2471-white.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0 fr","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/fr/deed.en","by":"Rama","cap":"","alt":"Serapeum of Saqqara (Apis catacombs): Amulet-AF 2333-IMG 2471-white"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Amulet-E_2990_A-IMG_2473-white.jpg/1280px-Amulet-E_2990_A-IMG_2473-white.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amulet-E_2990_A-IMG_2473-white.jpg","title":"Amulet-E 2990 A-IMG 2473-white.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0 fr","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/fr/deed.en","by":"Rama","cap":"","alt":"Serapeum of Saqqara (Apis catacombs): Amulet-E 2990 A-IMG 2473-white"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Amulet_of_Ramesses_II-E_79-IMG_2492-white.jpg/1280px-Amulet_of_Ramesses_II-E_79-IMG_2492-white.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amulet_of_Ramesses_II-E_79-IMG_2492-white.jpg","title":"Amulet of Ramesses II-E 79-IMG 2492-white.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0 fr","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/fr/deed.en","by":"Rama","cap":"","alt":"Serapeum of Saqqara (Apis catacombs): Amulet of Ramesses II-E 79-IMG 2492-white"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ancient_Egypt_Hieroglyphic_Relief_%2828387995716%29.jpg/1280px-Ancient_Egypt_Hieroglyphic_Relief_%2828387995716%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Egypt_Hieroglyphic_Relief_(28387995716).jpg","title":"Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphic Relief (28387995716).jpg","lic":"CC0","licurl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","by":"Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China","cap":"Apis stele made in year 23 of the reign of Amasis II. From the Serapeum of Saqqara, now in the Ancient Egypt Gallery of the Louvre Museum, Paris, France."}]},"img":{"images":[{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/By_ovedc_-_Serapeum_of_Saqqara_-_11.jpg/1280px-By_ovedc_-_Serapeum_of_Saqqara_-_11.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","title":"By ovedc - Serapeum of Saqqara - 11.jpg","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:By_ovedc_-_Serapeum_of_Saqqara_-_11.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","by":"Ovedc","cap":"Serapeum of Saqqara"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/By_ovedc_-_Serapeum_of_Saqqara_-_17.jpg/1280px-By_ovedc_-_Serapeum_of_Saqqara_-_17.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","title":"By ovedc - Serapeum of Saqqara - 17.jpg","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:By_ovedc_-_Serapeum_of_Saqqara_-_17.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","by":"Ovedc","cap":"Serapeum of Saqqara"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Serapeum_of_Saqqara%2C_Greater_Vaults%2C_1856.png/1280px-Serapeum_of_Saqqara%2C_Greater_Vaults%2C_1856.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","title":"Serapeum of Saqqara, Greater Vaults, 1856.png","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serapeum_of_Saqqara,_Greater_Vaults,_1856.png","lic":"Public domain","licurl":"","by":"Auguste Mariette","cap":"Drawing of the Greater Vaults of the Serapeum of Saqqara, lit by candles, 1856"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Serapeum_of_Saqqara_Underground_Map.png/1280px-Serapeum_of_Saqqara_Underground_Map.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","title":"Serapeum of Saqqara Underground Map.png","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serapeum_of_Saqqara_Underground_Map.png","lic":"Public domain","licurl":"","by":"Arthur Rhoné","cap":"Undeground vaults and Apis tombs in the Serapeum of Saqqara"}]},"md":null,"hh":[{"v":"60+","u":"t","h":"Each granite box with its lid: 62 t at most by Linant-Bey’s calculation, 65 t or more by Mariette’s","s":[9]},{"v":"Granite","h":"All surviving coffers are cut from hard “costly stone”: granite, basalt, diorite","s":[8]},{"v":"550 BC","h":"Oldest bull sarcophagus dates to Amasis II, the last great native ruler","s":[8]}],"hs":{"9":["Mariette, A. 1882. Le Sérapéum de Memphis (ed. G. Maspero). Paris: Vieweg","https://archive.org/details/lesrapumdememph00marigoog"],"8":["Wikipedia: Serapeum of Saqqara (and sources cited there)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara"]},"lh":{"s":"img/h/SAQ-SER.webp","w":1280,"h":867,"o":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Serapeum_gate.jpg/1280px-Serapeum_gate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail"}}