{"it":{"id":"TEO-TEO","kind":"site","sub":"Mesoamerica","name":"Teotihuacan","place":"Mexico","lat":19.692,"lon":-98.844,"date":"c. 100 BCE-550 CE","mat":"Volcanic stone, adobe fill, lime plaster","nfacts":37,"tags":["Mesoamerica"],"sum":"Teotihuacan is laid out on a grid turned about 15.5° east of north (Teotihuacan Mapping Project; Šprajc 2000). The angle holds across a city that once covered around 20 km² or more, and the same skew turns up at other Mesoamerican sites.\n\nThe city in central Mexico flourished from about 100 BCE to 550 CE, built of volcanic stone, adobe fill and lime plaster.","why":"Teotihuacan shows how a city could be planned as a single instrument, with streets, pyramids and a mountain lined up on the same skewed axis.","src":[264,540,541],"nsrc":19,"yt":"Was the city's skewed grid a working calendar that farmers used, or a sacred statement that no one needed to read?","rel":["GIZ-G1","ANG-WAT"],"hook":"From the Pyramid of the Sun, axis sunsets fall exactly 260 days apart, the length of the ritual calendar"},"S":{"264":["Wikipedia: Teotihuacan","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan"],"540":["Šprajc 2000, Astronomical Alignments at Teotihuacan, Latin American Antiquity","https://doi.org/10.2307/972004"],"541":["Location and Orientation of Teotihuacan (Teotihuacan Mapping Project figures), Penn State Open Access","https://journals.psu.edu/opa/article/download/60110/59995"]},"rec":{"id":"TEO-TEO","alias":[],"ms":[{"f":"Teotihuacan","a":"distance from Mexico City","v":"40","u":"km","o":"Teotihuacan (; REF0 , ; , ) is an ancient Mesoamerican city located in a sub-valley REF1 of the Valley of Mexico, which is located in the State of Mexico, 40 km northeast of modern-day Mexico City.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M2449"},{"f":"The site covers a total surface area of","a":"area","v":"83","u":"km2","o":"The site covers a total surface area of 83 km2 and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2450"},{"f":"Quiriguá","a":"distance from Copán","v":"50","u":"km","o":"REF31 Soon thereafter, Yax K'uk' Mo' installed Tok Casper as king of Quiriguá, about 50 km north of Copán.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: irrelevant to site","id":"M2451"},{"f":"Teotihuacan city","a":"area","v":"30","u":"km2","o":"At this time, the city covered over 30 km (over square miles), and perhaps housed a population of 150,000 people, with one estimate reaching as high as 250,000.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: unit fixed km→km2 (squared lost in extraction)","id":"M2452"},{"f":"heavy rainstorm Gómez Chávez noticed that a nearly","a":"width","v":"90","u":"cm","o":"After days of a heavy rainstorm, Gómez Chávez noticed that a nearly 90 cm wide sinkhole occurred near the base of the temple pyramid.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2453"},{"f":"Temple of Feathered Serpent tunnel","a":"first scanner image distance","v":"37","u":"m","o":"A small opening in the tunnel wall was made and the scanner captured the first images, 37 metres into the passage.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M2454"},{"f":"Tunnel access shaft","a":"distance from 2003 hole","v":"5","u":"m","o":"The hole that had appeared during the 2003 storms was not the actual entrance; a vertical shaft of almost 5 metres away is the access to the tunnel.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M2455"},{"f":"At","a":"depth","v":"14","u":"metres","o":"At 14 metres deep, the entrance leads to a nearly 100-merer long corridor that ends in a series of underground galleries in the rock.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2456"},{"f":"Nearly","a":"mass","v":"1000","u":"tons","o":"Nearly 1,000 tons of soil and debris were removed from the tunnel.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2457"},{"f":"Tunnel chamber","a":"depth below surface","v":"17","u":"m","o":"One of the most remarkable findings in the tunnel chambers was a miniature mountainous landscape, 17 metres underground, with tiny pools of liquid mercury representing lakes.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review:","id":"M2458"},{"f":"to each other by a central road of","a":"width","v":"45","u":"meters","o":"The main monuments of the city of Teotihuacan are connected to each other by a central road of 45 meters wide and a length of 2 kilometers, called \"Avenue of the Dead \" (Avenida de Los Muertos), which features a number of temples and grand residences.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2459"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun?","a":"base side (2nd)","v":"231.6","u":"m","o":"It is a gradual pyramid, with a base dimension of 219.4 x 231.6 meters and a height of 65 meters.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"W8 review: 219.4 x 231.6 m / 65 m conflicts with Sun pyramid 225 m; which pyramid? keep","id":"M2460"},{"f":"x 231 6 meters and a height of","a":"height","v":"65","u":"meters","o":"It is a gradual pyramid, with a base dimension of 219.4 x 231.6 meters and a height of 65 meters.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2461"},{"f":"The Avenue of the Dead is roughly","a":"width","v":"40","u":"meters","o":"The Avenue of the Dead is roughly 40 meters wide and 4 km long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2462"},{"f":"the Dead is roughly 40 meters wide and","a":"length","v":"4","u":"km","o":"The Avenue of the Dead is roughly 40 meters wide and 4 km long.","unc":"","by":"per cited source (see citation)","yr":"","m":"documentary: verbatim sentence auto-extracted from Wikipedia revision","c":"no inline ref in article","pg":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636","b":"S","bb":"auto-extracted, Wikipedia rev 1380618636 (tertiary); unit/attribute classified by keyword - check context in value_original","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2463"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun","a":"base side length","v":"224","u":"m","o":"224 m","unc":"","by":"INAH Zona Arqueológica (Sarabia González)","yr":"2013","m":"survey (INAH site record)","c":"INAH Lugares element 2741; Sarabia González, Arqueología (INAH) art. 18327","pg":"","url":"https://lugares.inah.gob.mx/es/pagina-de-elemento/2741 ; https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517","b":"V","bb":"2 sources agree: INAH Lugares 224 m and Sarabia (Arqueología/INAH) 224 m; spread across all sources 222-225 m (see separate rows)","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2498"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun","a":"base side length","v":"222","u":"m","o":"222 m","unc":"","by":"Sugiyama","yr":"1993","m":"survey (Sugiyama 1993:112)","c":"Sugiyama 1993:112 via PPC Teotihuacan project","pg":"","url":"https://ppcteotihuacan.org/en/teotihuacan-in-numbers/","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"disagrees with INAH 224 m by ~1%","id":"M2499"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun","a":"base dimensions","v":"~222 x 225","u":"m","o":"~222 x 225 m","unc":"","by":"INAH visitor portal","yr":"2025","m":"summary","c":"Visita Teotihuacán (INAH)","pg":"","url":"https://visitateotihuacan.inah.gob.mx/en/explore/pyramid-of-the-sun/","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2500"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun","a":"height","v":"65","u":"m","o":"65 m","unc":"","by":"INAH Lugares","yr":"","m":"survey/summary","c":"INAH Lugares 2741","pg":"","url":"https://lugares.inah.gob.mx/es/pagina-de-elemento/2741","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"heights disagree: 63-66 m spread (erosion/restoration; original height unknown per PPC)","id":"M2501"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun","a":"height","v":"66","u":"m","o":"66 m","unc":"","by":"Sarabia González (INAH)","yr":"","m":"survey/summary","c":"Arqueología art. 18327","pg":"","url":"https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"heights disagree: 63-66 m spread (erosion/restoration; original height unknown per PPC)","id":"M2502"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun","a":"height","v":"63","u":"m","o":"63 m","unc":"","by":"Sugiyama 1993:112","yr":"","m":"survey/summary","c":"Sugiyama 1993 via PPC","pg":"","url":"https://ppcteotihuacan.org/en/teotihuacan-in-numbers/","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"heights disagree: 63-66 m spread (erosion/restoration; original height unknown per PPC)","id":"M2503"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun","a":"volume","v":">1175000","u":"m3","o":">1175000 m3","unc":"","by":"Sarabia González (INAH)","yr":"2013","m":"estimate","c":"Arqueología art. 18327","pg":"","url":"https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2504"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun platform enclosure","a":"side length","v":"350-400","u":"m","o":"350-400 m","unc":"","by":"Sarabia González (INAH)","yr":"2013","m":"survey","c":"Arqueología art. 18327","pg":"","url":"https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"platform 6 m high, 35 m thick","id":"M2505"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun archaeological tunnels","a":"total length","v":"376.20","u":"m","o":"376.20 m","unc":"","by":"Sarabia González (INAH)","yr":"2013","m":"excavation record","c":"Arqueología art. 18327","pg":"","url":"https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2506"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun tunnel","a":"length","v":"103","u":"m","o":"103 m","unc":"","by":"INAH visitor portal","yr":"2025","m":"summary","c":"Visita Teotihuacán","pg":"","url":"https://visitateotihuacan.inah.gob.mx/en/explore/pyramid-of-the-sun/","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"6-7 m deep, four-lobed chamber","id":"M2507"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun","a":"construction dating","v":"1st-2nd century AD","u":"","o":"1st-2nd century AD ","unc":"","by":"Sarabia González (INAH)","yr":"2013","m":"stratigraphic/ceramic","c":"Arqueología art. 18327","pg":"","url":"https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"","id":"M2508"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun main facade","a":"orientation","v":"faces west","u":"","o":"faces west ","unc":"","by":"INAH","yr":"2025","m":"summary","c":"Visita Teotihuacán","pg":"","url":"https://visitateotihuacan.inah.gob.mx/en/explore/pyramid-of-the-sun/","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"15.5 deg E of N grid (Šprajc) not re-sourced this wave - see temple_azimuths","id":"M2509"},{"f":"Pyramid of the Sun (measured along exposed faces)","a":"orientation (E-W axis azimuth)","v":"105.75","u":"deg (105°45′)","o":"105.75 deg (105°45′)","unc":"","by":"Šprajc","yr":"2000","m":"field azimuth measurement (Table 1)","c":"Šprajc 2000, Latin American Antiquity 11(4), doi:10.2307/972004","pg":"","url":"https://iaps.zrc-sazu.si/sites/default/files/Sprajc_AstronomicalAlignmentsTeotihuacan.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"Šprajc contends the intended axis was 105°28′ = perpendicular to the Street of the Dead","id":"M2563"},{"f":"Street of the Dead","a":"orientation (azimuth)","v":"15.47","u":"deg (15°28′; ⟂ of 105°28′)","o":"15.47 deg (15°28′; ⟂ of 105°28′)","unc":"","by":"Šprajc","yr":"2000","m":"field azimuth measurement","c":"Šprajc 2000","pg":"","url":"https://iaps.zrc-sazu.si/sites/default/files/Sprajc_AstronomicalAlignmentsTeotihuacan.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2564"},{"f":"Street of the Dead","a":"orientation (azimuth)","v":"15.42","u":"deg (15°25′)","o":"15.42 deg (15°25′)","unc":"","by":"INAH (Boletín 411)","yr":"2024","m":"summary of earlier studies","c":"INAH Boletín 411, 2024","pg":"","url":"https://www.inah.gob.mx/images/boletines/2024/411/Boletin%20411.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"0.05 deg from Šprajc 15°28′; bulletin may restate Šprajc, so not counted as independent","id":"M2565"},{"f":"Ciudadela grid group","a":"orientation (skew clockwise from cardinal)","v":"~16.5","u":"deg","o":"~16.5 deg","unc":"","by":"Šprajc","yr":"2000","m":"field measurement","c":"Šprajc 2000","pg":"","url":"https://iaps.zrc-sazu.si/sites/default/files/Sprajc_AstronomicalAlignmentsTeotihuacan.pdf","b":"S","bb":"one secondary source (Wikipedia) naming the primary citation","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M2566"},{"f":"site point","a":"elevation (DEM SRTM 30 m)","v":"2344","u":"m","o":"","unc":"","by":"NASA SRTM via OpenTopoData","yr":"2026","m":"as stated","c":"NASA SRTM via OpenTopoData","pg":"","url":"https://api.opentopodata.org/v1/srtm30m","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"at sites-table coordinate","id":"M3291"},{"f":"mica","a":"composition","v":"phlogopite / biotite","u":"text","o":"","unc":"","by":"Manzanilla et al., Anales de Antropologia 51 (2017)","yr":"2017","m":"derived","c":"Manzanilla et al., Anales de Antropologia 51 (2017)","pg":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antro.2016.09.001","b":"S","bb":"","t":"LAB_RESULT","n":"XRD, SEM, neutron activation","id":"M3379"},{"f":"mica","a":"share in 2 elite compounds (Xalla, Viking Group)","v":">90","u":"%","o":"","unc":"","by":"Manzanilla et al., Anales de Antropologia 51 (2017)","yr":"2017","m":"as stated","c":"Manzanilla et al., Anales de Antropologia 51 (2017)","pg":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antro.2016.09.001","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M3380"},{"f":"mica","a":"mass at Xalla","v":"~37","u":"kg","o":"","unc":"","by":"Manzanilla et al., Anales de Antropologia 51 (2017)","yr":"2017","m":"as stated","c":"Manzanilla et al., Anales de Antropologia 51 (2017)","pg":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antro.2016.09.001","b":"S","bb":"","t":"MEASUREMENT","n":"","id":"M3381"},{"f":"mica","a":"provenance","v":"Valley of Oaxaca (most from Minerales de Antequera area, Ejutla)","u":"text","o":"","unc":"","by":"Manzanilla et al., Anales de Antropologia 51 (2017)","yr":"2017","m":"derived","c":"Manzanilla et al., Anales de Antropologia 51 (2017)","pg":"","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antro.2016.09.001","b":"S","bb":"","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"not Brazil","id":"M3382"},{"f":"mica (claim)","a":"sheets / origin (claim)","v":"two 9 m2 sheets; \"nearest source Brazil, 4000 km\"","u":"text","o":"","unc":"","by":"iso-tech.be (repeat of AA claim)","yr":"n.d.","m":"derived","c":"iso-tech.be (repeat of AA claim)","pg":"","url":"https://www.iso-tech.be/page/mica-used-200-years-bce.html","b":"S","bb":"","t":"INTERPRETATION","n":"no lab cited; contradicted by Manzanilla 2017","id":"M3383"}],"lab":[{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220743","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1930 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area A","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220744","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1970 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area A","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; 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link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220753","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1810 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area C","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220754","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1970 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area C","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220756","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1750 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area C","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220758","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1790 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area C","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220760","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1830 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area C","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-208984","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1920 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area C","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220763","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1760 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area D","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220764","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1890 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area D","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Lab date","lab":"Beta-220766","m":"14C (Beta Analytic)","mat":"charcoal","v":"1930 ± 40 BP","cal":"2-sigma ranges in Sload Table 2 (c. 50 BCE-CE 400)","ctx":"TMP TE28 cave under Pyramid of the Sun, area D","link":"cave use/concrete floor under pyramid, NOT pyramid fill","weak":"dates cave floor/blockage activity; link to pyramid construction is stratigraphic inference; charcoal old-wood effect","b":"S","url":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","n":""},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Additionally, Teotihuacan exported fine obsidian tools found throughout Mesoamerica.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"thumb|Restored portion of Teotihucan architecture showing the typical Mesoamerican use of red paint complemented on gold and jade decoration upon marble and granite.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"thumb|Restored portion of Teotihucan architecture showing the typical Mesoamerican use of red paint complemented on gold and jade decoration upon marble and granite.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"Evidence of these heavy materials is found in the copious amounts of imported pottery, and raw materials found on-site, such as rhyolitic glass shards, marble, and slate.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"The architecture was different, featuring round adobe structures, as well as foreign pottery and artifacts identified as belonging to the Gulf Coast region.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"site material (as stated in article)","m":"documentary mention (Wikipedia, auto-extracted)","v":"The rich array of objects unearthed included: wooden masks covered with inlaid rock jade and quartz, elaborate necklaces, rings, greenstone crocodile teeth and human figurines, crystals shaped into eyes, beetle wings arranged in a box, sculptures of jaguars, and hundreds of metalized spheres.","by":"no inline ref in article","b":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636"},{"k":"Materials","mat":"Pyramid of the Sun fill/facing","m":"documentary","v":"earth and stone from the valley, one construction stage; faced with volcanic stone; no mortar (INAH visitor page)","by":"Sarabia González; INAH 2013","b":"S","url":"https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517"}],"eng":[],"ori":[{"k":"solar/calendrical","v":"Street grid ~15.5° E of N; proposed sunset-date alignments","by":"Šprajc 2000 [unverified]","b":"S","url":"[unverified]","n":"","t":"INTERPRETATION"},{"k":"solar (calendar)","v":"Mesoamerican near-equinox orientations target \"quarter days\" (2 days after/before spring/fall equinox), not equinoxes","by":"Šprajc 2021","b":"S","url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536121000419","n":"Ancient Mesoamerica; abstract read 2026-10-29. Contends equinox claims are methodologically flawed. Builds on Šprajc 2000 LAA 11:403 (Teotihuacan)","t":"INTERPRETATION"},{"k":"Temple azimuth","v":"Street of the Dead (N-S): 15.466666666666667° (Sun Pyramid E-W axis 15°45′ S of E)","by":"Šprajc 2000 Latin American Antiquity 11(4):403","b":"V","url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/972004 ; https://iaps.zrc-sazu.si/sites/default/files/Sprajc_AstronomicalAlignmentsTeotihuacan.pdf","n":"Agrees with Aveni and others; not in stats sample (Egypt only)"},{"k":"Azimuth","v":"Sun Pyramid / city grid: 105.75°, declination -14.81°","by":"Šprajc 2000, Teotihuacan orientation (raw/pdf/sprajc2000_teo.txt)","b":"S","url":"raw/pdf/sprajc2000_teo.txt","n":"Sunsets 29 Apr / 12-13 Aug, 260-day separation"}],"gaps":[{"a":"largest_block","r":"not found in free sources reached"},{"a":"slope_face_angle","r":"no published face/slope angle in sources reached (often n/a for non-pyramidal sites)"},{"a":"wall_batter","r":"no published batter survey in free sources"},{"a":"corner_precision","r":"no published precision survey in free sources"},{"a":"levelness","r":"no published levelling survey in free sources"},{"a":"lab_date_material","r":"no lab date with dated material in sources opened"},{"a":"hydrology_acoustics","r":"no published hydrology/acoustic measurement in sources opened"},{"a":"magnetic_radiation","r":"no published magnetic/radiation survey found (searched site name + magnetometry/radiation; Wikipedia, Google Scholar snippets)"},{"a":"excavation_history","r":"no excavation history row yet"}],"dat":[{"v":"Sun Pyramid built 1st-2nd c. AD","lab":"LR: 16 lab_results rows (charcoal). ceramics and radiocarbon of fill per Sarabia (lab ids not retrieved)","chain":"fill ceramic phases (Tzacualli) plus associated organics","weak":"fill dates the fill material; single-stage build assumed","alt":"none prominent in academic literature","b":"S","url":"https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517"}],"aa":[{"id":"AA016","a":"planetary-scale layout / mica","who":"AA web (iso-tech.be, repeated widely)","main":"Mesoamerican calendrical orientation","ms":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antro.2016.09.001","st":"unresolved","n":"","nl":25},{"id":"AA053","a":"Brazilian mica as electrical layer","who":"AA web (iso-tech.be, repeated widely)","main":"imported Oaxaca mica, decorative","ms":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antro.2016.09.001","st":"contradicted","n":"Manzanilla 2017 neutron activation/XRD provenance to Oaxaca","nl":22}],"ac":[{"v":"Teotihuacan mica from Brazil used as electrical/insulation layer","who":"AA web (iso-tech.be, repeated widely)","url":"https://www.iso-tech.be/page/mica-used-200-years-bce.html","b":"I","ce":"neutron activation/XRD tie mica to Oaxaca; used decoratively on walls, censers, burials"}],"me":[{"v":"imported elite luxury material from Oaxaca","ev":"Manzanilla et al. 2017","s":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antro.2016.09.001"}],"ci":[],"cq":[],"sd":[],"sub":[],"site":{"age":"c. 100 BCE-550 CE","dm":"Radiocarbon, ceramics","lab":"YES: 16 lab_results rows (organic samples; none date stone working directly)","weak":"date applies to the sampled organic/associated material, not the stone; association with construction is assumed","unesco":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/414","dens":"STUB"},"co":{"lat":"19.6925","lon":"-98.8438","src":"Wikidata P625 + UNESCO WHC list XML (agree ≤0.05°)","agree":"DISAGREE: primary 19.69250,-98.84380 vs OSM 19.69336,-98.88313","b":"V","note":"OSM top hit 0.039 deg away; likely a different feature/town match - kept primary value (prior VERIFIED from wave2 retained)","osm":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/5606467"},"src":[{"id":"VTEO-TEO-20","t":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan","u":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/414/"},{"id":null,"t":"INAH Lugares element 2741; Sarabia González, Arqueología (INAH) art. 18327","u":"https://lugares.inah.gob.mx/es/pagina-de-elemento/2741 ; https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517"},{"id":"S0668","t":"Sugiyama 1993:112 via PPC Teotihuacan project","u":"https://ppcteotihuacan.org/en/teotihuacan-in-numbers/"},{"id":"S0676","t":"Visita Teotihuacán (INAH)","u":"https://visitateotihuacan.inah.gob.mx/en/explore/pyramid-of-the-sun/"},{"id":"S0659","t":"INAH Lugares 2741","u":"https://lugares.inah.gob.mx/es/pagina-de-elemento/2741"},{"id":"S0669","t":"Arqueología art. 18327","u":"https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/arqueologia/article/download/18327/19713/39517"},{"id":"S0655","t":"Šprajc 2000, Latin American Antiquity 11(4), doi:10.2307/972004","u":"https://iaps.zrc-sazu.si/sites/default/files/Sprajc_AstronomicalAlignmentsTeotihuacan.pdf"},{"id":"S0764","t":"INAH Boletín 411, 2024","u":"https://www.inah.gob.mx/images/boletines/2024/411/Boletin%20411.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"NASA SRTM via OpenTopoData","u":"https://api.opentopodata.org/v1/srtm30m"},{"id":null,"t":"Manzanilla et al., Anales de Antropologia 51 (2017)","u":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antro.2016.09.001"},{"id":null,"t":"iso-tech.be (repeat of AA claim)","u":"https://www.iso-tech.be/page/mica-used-200-years-bce.html"},{"id":null,"t":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf","u":"https://www.famsi.org/reports/06017/06017Sload01.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"Šprajc 2000 [unverified]","u":"[unverified]"},{"id":"S0052","t":"Šprajc 2021","u":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536121000419"},{"id":null,"t":"Šprajc 2000 Latin American Antiquity 11(4):403","u":"https://doi.org/10.2307/972004 ; https://iaps.zrc-sazu.si/sites/default/files/Sprajc_AstronomicalAlignmentsTeotihuacan.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"Šprajc 2000, Teotihuacan orientation (raw/pdf/sprajc2000_teo.txt)","u":"raw/pdf/sprajc2000_teo.txt"},{"id":"S2541","t":"Šprajc 2000, Astronomical Alignments at Teotihuacan, Latin American Antiquity","u":"https://doi.org/10.2307/972004"},{"id":"S2542","t":"Location and Orientation of Teotihuacan (Teotihuacan Mapping Project figures), Penn State Open Access","u":"https://journals.psu.edu/opa/article/download/60110/59995"},{"id":"S0394","t":"no inline ref in article","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotihuacan&oldid=1380618636"},{"id":"S0615","t":"Wikipedia: Teotihuacan","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan"},{"id":null,"t":"INAH. 2026. Libro del INAH relata exploración e investigación del túnel del Templo de la Serpiente Emplumada. Boletín 110, 17 Mar 2026.","u":"https://inah.gob.mx/images/boletines/2026/110/Boletin_110.pdf"},{"id":null,"t":"Sugiyama, N. et al. 2021. Humans as geomorphic agents: Lidar detection of the past, present and future of the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico. PLoS ONE 16(9): e0257550. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257550 (PMC8452071).","u":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8452071/"},{"id":null,"t":"Masson, M. A. 2023. A sacrificed monkey at Teotihuacan and ancient imperial relationships in Mesoamerica. PNAS 120(1): e2218315120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2218315120 (PMC9910437).","u":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9910437/"},{"id":null,"t":"Truman, D. 2019. Teotihuacan: Model of a Very Different Cosmos. Graham Hancock official website, 16 July 2019.","u":"https://grahamhancock.com/trumand5/"},{"id":null,"t":"Wikipedia, “Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan” (consulted 31 Oct 2026). Used last, only where the sources above do not carry the point.","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent,_Teotihuacan"}],"sum":"# Teotihuacan: A City Laid Out by the Sky\n\nOn 2 October 2003, the archaeologist Sergio Gómez Chávez of Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History, INAH, came back to his conservation work at the Temple of the Feathered Serpent and found that a hole had opened in the ground overnight, after days of heavy rain. His team tied a rope around his waist and lowered him in. \"Seeing the size of the tunnel,\" he later recalled, \"was a great surprise for me.\" It would take more than twelve years to explore. The city above it had been keeping secrets for nearly two thousand years, and it is still keeping most of them.\n\n## The greatest city in the Americas\n\nTeotihuacan lies about 40 km northeast of modern Mexico City. It was founded around 100 BCE, and its major monuments were under construction until about 250 CE. At its height, in the first half of the first millennium, it was the largest city in the Americas. UNESCO puts the population at no less than 25,000; other estimates run to about 100,000, which may have made it one of the largest cities in the world at the time. UNESCO gives the city's extent at its peak as 36 square kilometres, with the ceremonial centre only a tenth of that.\n\nThe Pyramid of the Sun, completed by about 100 CE, measures 225 by 222 m at the base and stands 75 m high, about a million cubic metres of fill, according to UNESCO. The Aztecs, who found the city in ruins centuries later, gave it the name we use, usually rendered as the place where the gods were created.\n\nIt was a city of migrants, with people arriving especially from Oaxaca and the Gulf Coast, many of them living in multi-floor apartment compounds. Its reach was long. A spider monkey buried as an offering in the Plaza of the Columns was dated to 250 to 300 CE, and researchers concluded that it was probably brought by Maya emissaries. That pushes evidence of diplomacy with the Maya back decades, or as much as a century, before Teotihuacan's representatives entered Maya kingdoms in 378 CE, an event recorded in Maya hieroglyphs. The archaeologist Marilyn Masson, writing in 2023, calls the relationship \"reciprocal rather than unidirectional.\"\n\n## The grid\n\nWhat stands out from the air is the plan. Streets and buildings across the city are turned about 15.5 degrees clockwise from the cardinal directions, and a second group, led by the Ciudadela, about 16.5 degrees. The Avenue of the Dead runs along the main axis. A 2021 study led by Nawa Sugiyama, using lidar flown over about 165 square kilometres of the valley, found that the orientation of buildings, materials and murals was standardised and probably regulated by the state. It also found that those ancient choices \"continue to inform the modern taskscape, including modern street and land alignments.\" People in the valley still walk and farm along lines laid down nearly two thousand years ago. The same survey recorded the opposite too: \"the complete erasure of archaeological features\" by mining after 2015.\n\nWhy that angle? In 1971 workers installing a sound and light show found a cave under the Pyramid of the Sun. The scholar Doris Heyden proposed that this sacred grotto fixed where the pyramid was built, and the idea was widely accepted. The archaeoastronomer Ivan Šprajc, writing in 2000, disagreed. Geophysical work suggested the cave was probably human-made, he noted. He argued that the site was chosen instead because it lined up with sunrises and sunsets on significant dates and, in the perpendicular direction, with the summit of Cerro Gordo to the north.\n\nHis numbers are striking. In the first century AD, by his reckoning, the pyramid's east-west axis pointed to sunrises on 11 February and 29 October, and to sunsets on 30 April and 13 August. The interval from 13 August to 30 April, and from 11 February to 29 October, is exactly 260 days, the length of the Mesoamerican ritual calendar. Šprajc found the same family of dates at other central Mexican sites and read them as an observational calendar built on multiples of 20 days and a 260-day period, with dates he linked to the farming year.\n\n## The tunnel under the Feathered Serpent\n\nBack underground. The tunnel Gómez Chávez dropped into runs beneath the Temple of the Feathered Serpent. Its real entrance, a few metres from the temple, had been sealed with large boulders, and a vertical shaft almost 5 m wide led down to it. Before digging, the team sent in a remote-controlled robot, Tlaloc II-TC, with an infrared camera and a laser scanner. Nearly 1,000 tonnes of soil and debris were removed by hand.\n\nAbout 17 m down, at the end, they found a miniature landscape with pools of liquid mercury standing in for lakes. Four greenstone figures stood nearby, two still in place, leaning back as if looking up. The walls had been coated with powdered magnetite, pyrite and hematite, perhaps to make visitors feel they stood beneath the stars. Hundreds of spheres, 40 to 130 mm across, lay in the north and south chambers, each a clay core coated in yellow jarosite. \"They are indeed unique, but I have no idea what they mean,\" said the archaeologist George Cowgill.\n\nINAH's 2026 book on the project, edited by Gómez Chávez and Julie Gazzola, reports radiocarbon dates showing the tunnel was in use from the start of the common era and sealed around AD 250. Among the finds were rubber, amber, malachite, jadeite and turquoise. The turquoise surprised the team, since its only known sources lie in northern Mexico and the southern United States. The temple itself may carry 260 serpent heads, which some link to the same 260-day calendar.\n\n## A cosmic diagram?\n\nWriters outside academia go further. Dave Truman, in a 2019 essay, argues that the city \"was positioned precisely so as to emulate geometries expressed in the heavens and across the Earth's surface,\" and that \"it could not have been built without the possession of an observational science that stretched back over millennia.\" He cites the same sunrise and sunset dates, and the astronomer Gerald Hawkins, who described a \"cosmic orientation\" that was \"chosen and forced into the landscape.\" Truman suggests that all Mesoamerican cultures drew on a common, far older heritage.\n\nThe alignments themselves are not in dispute; Šprajc measured them. What is open is how much older knowledge they imply. A shared calendar across central Mexico is well supported. A heritage reaching back millennia before the city is an inference no excavation has yet tested.\n\n## What nobody knows\n\nWe do not know who built Teotihuacan. Candidates include the Nahuas, the Otomi and the Totonac, and some scholars think the city was multi-ethnic. We do not know its name. Maya texts may call it Puh, \"Place of Reeds,\" and the INAH archaeologist Verónica Ortega has suggested Teohuacan, \"City of the Sun.\" No Teotihuacano texts in a full writing system are known. We do not know who ruled it; evidence of a king is strikingly absent. Around 550 CE its main monuments were burned, with no sign of foreign invasion, and UNESCO places the burning and abandonment in the 7th century. The interior of the Pyramid of the Sun has never been fully excavated. In 2024 the site drew 1,313,321 visitors, the second-highest total of any archaeological site in Mexico.\n\n## Sunset on the axis\n\nPicture the first century. It is a late afternoon in August, the 13th by our calendar, and the Pyramid of the Sun is new, its plaster bright. Someone stands at its centre and looks west along the axis the builders chose. The sun drops toward the hills, and touches the horizon exactly on that line. To the right, Cerro Gordo holds the northern end of the grid. Ahead, two hundred and sixty days of the sacred count have just begun.","qs":["Was the city's skewed grid a working calendar that farmers used, or a sacred statement that no one needed to read?","Was the cave under the Sun Pyramid the reason the city stands where it does, or something added once the plan was set?","The same calendar dates appear at other central Mexican sites. Who spread this way of building, and how?"],"gal":[{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ZA77_Teotihuac%C3%A1n_edo_de_mex_Herberto_de_la_rosa.jpg/1280px-ZA77_Teotihuac%C3%A1n_edo_de_mex_Herberto_de_la_rosa.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZA77_Teotihuac%C3%A1n_edo_de_mex_Herberto_de_la_rosa.jpg","title":"ZA77 Teotihuacán edo de mex Herberto de la rosa.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","by":"Hdlrosa","cap":"This is a photo of a monument in Mexico, identified by ID","alt":"Teotihuacan"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/2013-12-23_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_aves_verdes%2C_Templo_de_los_Caracoles_Emplumados%2C_Teotihuacan_01_anagoria.JPG/1280px-2013-12-23_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_aves_verdes%2C_Templo_de_los_Caracoles_Emplumados%2C_Teotihuacan_01_anagoria.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2013-12-23_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_aves_verdes,_Templo_de_los_Caracoles_Emplumados,_Teotihuacan_01_anagoria.JPG","title":"2013-12-23 Procesión de aves verdes, Templo de los Caracoles Emplumados, Teotihuacan 01 anagoria.JPG","lic":"CC BY 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0","by":"Anagoria","cap":"Teotihuacan: Temple of Feathered Seashells, Green Harpy Eagles Procession"},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AvenueoftheDeadTeotihuacan.jpg/1280px-AvenueoftheDeadTeotihuacan.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AvenueoftheDeadTeotihuacan.jpg","title":"AvenueoftheDeadTeotihuacan.jpg","lic":"Public domain","licurl":"","by":"Martin \"Le\" Roy (talk)","cap":"Panorama of the Avenue of the Dead from the Pyramid of the Sun"},{"src":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/British_Museum_Teotihuacan_jaguar.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Teotihuacan_jaguar.jpg","title":"British Museum Teotihuacan jaguar.jpg","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","by":"Unknown","cap":"Onyx jaguar sculpture from Teotihuacan, possibly a ritual container to receive sacrificed human hearts."},{"src":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cabeza_de_felino%2C_Teotihuac%C3%A1n%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-13%2C_DD_03.JPG/1280px-Cabeza_de_felino%2C_Teotihuac%C3%A1n%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-13%2C_DD_03.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabeza_de_felino,_Teotihuac%C3%A1n,_M%C3%A9xico,_2013-10-13,_DD_03.JPG","title":"Cabeza de felino, Teotihuacán, México, 2013-10-13, DD 03.JPG","lic":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licurl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","by":"Diego Delso","cap":"Felid head, Teotihuacán, Mexico"}]},"img":null,"md":null,"hh":[{"v":"200 BCE","h":"Earliest buildings at the city later named by the Aztecs, centuries after its fall","s":[20]},{"v":"c. 100 BCE-550 CE","h":"Dated to","s":[20]},{"v":"Volcanic stone","h":"Made of: Volcanic stone, adobe fill, lime plaster","s":[20]}],"hs":{"20":["Wikipedia: Teotihuacan (and sources cited there)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan"]},"lh":{"s":"img/h/TEO-TEO.webp","w":1280,"h":851,"o":"https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ZA77_Teotihuac%C3%A1n_edo_de_mex_Herberto_de_la_rosa.jpg/1280px-ZA77_Teotihuac%C3%A1n_edo_de_mex_Herberto_de_la_rosa.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail"}}